comfrey cream holland and barrett comfrey cream holland and barrett

All Technology Jobs. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. Avoid using comfrey together with other herbal/health supplements that can also harm the liver. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. Read our. Avoid with medications that induce CYP3A4 or are hepatotoxic (Natural Medicines, 2020). J Chiropr Med. Avoid use. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. In a randomized multicenter study with 164 ankle sprain patients, swelling and pain were improved more successfully using a comfrey root extract compared to a diclofenac gel (Predel et al., 2005). Herb & Supplement Guide. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. 2013;21(6):724-745. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2013.09.009. 2004;11(6):470-477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-007-0474-y. comfrey: [noun] any of a genus (Symphytum) of perennial herbs of the borage family with coarse hairy entire leaves and flowers in one-sided racemes. how to become a school board member in florida ocean deck band schedule Readers must do their own research concerning the safety and usage of any herbs or supplements. Mei N, Guo L, Fu PP, Fuscoe JC, Luan Y, Chen T. Metabolism, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of comfrey. Begin mixing on low. Osteoarthritis.Cartilage. Treatment with 4Jointz reduces knee pain over 12 weeks of treatment in patients with clinical knee osteoarthritis: a randomised controlled trial. The chemicals contained in comfrey may cause birth defects. If your healthcare provider recommends it, make sure to use it on intact skin for a small amount of time, and be careful that infants do not ingest it. One group used a cream with comfrey root fluid extract on the ankle while the others received a placebo. Human liver microsomal reduction of pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides to form the corresponding carcinogenic parent alkaloid. Comfrey is considered likely unsafe to use if you are nursing a baby. Knee pain and stiffness can be a stubborn concern that keeps many from doing activities they enjoy. Be sure to choose organic carrier oils and essential oils when possible. Buy 1 get 1 Half Price | Plus an extra 20% off 30, Shop buy 1 get 1 half price on all gut health products, Looking for fitness advice & inspiration this New Year? Turley, A. J. and Muir, D. F. ECG for physicians: a potentially fatal case of mistaken identity. Recent studies have suggested topical benefits, but more research is needed. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. A significant reduction in pain was observed in the groups using the comfrey product. Efficacy and safety of topically applied Symphytum herb extract cream in the treatment of ankle distortion: Results of a randomized controlled clinical double-blind study. Symphyti) in the treatment of ankle distorsions: Results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. 2007;57(11):712-716. As the consistency thickens some more, turn the mixer up a little bit more. Whether youve been hiking, biking, playing, or enjoying water sports, comfrey cream can be a wonderful ally in supporting achy muscles that result from physical, summertime activities. 2010;44(9):637-41. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.058677, Cameron M, Chrubasik S. Topical herbal therapies for treating osteoarthritis. doi:10.1002/ptr.4612, Salehi B, Sharopov F, Boyunegmez Tumer T, et al. When the root is boiled in water, it forms a sticky, glue-like paste. Megan Nunn, PharmD, is a community pharmacist in Tennessee with over twelve years of experience in medication counseling and immunization. Staiger, C. Comfrey root: from tradition to modern clinical trials. The review included one study of 220 people with knee osteoarthritis, a degenerative "wear-and-tear" joint condition. Comfrey is a fast-growing plant whose leaves and roots have been used historically for wound healing and other conditions. Taking comfrey along with a medication that can harm the liver might increase the risk of liver damage. Efficacy and safety of comfrey root extract ointment in the treatment of acute upper or lower back pain: results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Call your doctor for medical advice about . The herbal topical cream was prepared at two different strengths, as an additional measure of efficacy. radix) extract ointment in the treatment of patients with painful osteoarthritis of the knee: Results of a double-blind, randomised, bicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Aust.J Physiother. Comfrey is a plant also known as Ass Ear, Black Root, Blackwort, Bruisewort, Consolidae Radix, Consound, Consoude, Consuelda, Gum Plant, Healing Herb, Herbe aux Charpentiers, Herbe la Coupure, Knitback, Knitbone, Langue-de-Vache, Oreille d'ne, Salsify, Slippery Root, Symphytum officinale, or Wallwort. View abstract. Effects of Symphytum ointment on muscular symptoms and functional locomotor disturbances. Some drugs increase how quickly the liver changes and breaks down comfrey. Sowa I, Paduch R, Strzemski M, et al. Documented adverse effects (the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, have substantial risk of causing fatal liver damage and can cause abortion). Rad. 12 drops juniper berry (Juniperus communis) essential oil To Use. Please review this supplement label with your healthcare provider to discuss potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications. Public Health Nutr 2000;3:501-8. View abstract. Affiliate links are shared throughout the website and the Herbal Academy may receive compensation if you make a purchase with these links. A review of 26 clinical trials concluded that mild skin reactions were the most common side effects of comfrey creams used in the studies. 2008;54(1):7-20. Looks like you may need to upgrade your browser We're sorry, we no longer support the web browser that you are using 2012;20(11):1209-1216. Allow the oil mixture to cool until it reaches room temperature, which could take 8-12 hours. And topical capsaicin cream may help to relieve pain temporarily. Therapeutic use of comfrey is limited because of its toxicity. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. Studies in humans are very limited. Comfrey can also contain echimidine, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), and symphytine, which can damage the liver, are carcinogenic (cancer-causing) and may harm a fetus. (3), 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2011.01.003. Barna, M., Kucera, A., Hladikova, M., & Kucera, M. (2012). You may also consider consulting a practitioner who is trained in the use of herbal/health supplements. Discontinue use if a rash appears. Mazzocchi, A. and Montanaro, F. Observational study of the use of Symphytum 5CH in the management of pain and swelling after dental implant surgery. A symptomatic treatment of minor sprains and bruises. Comfrey may also be used for purposes not listed in this product guide. CLICK HERE TO ENTER! Comfrey is a shrub that grows in parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. 2007;157(21-22):569-574. In a small study with 30 subjects, lower back pain from exercise was reduced with an ointment containing comfrey. Br J Sports Med. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. What Are the Side Effects of Comfrey Cream? Palestrica of the Third Millennium Civilization & Sport. Copyright Holland & Barrett Retail Limited, 2022. Quis autem velum iure reprehe nderit. Skin patch test before use, especially if you have sensitive skin, and never use on a deep wound. Wang YP, Yan J, Fu PP, Chou MW. The efficacy and safety of a homeopathic gel in the treatment of acute low back pain: a multi-centre, randomised, double-blind comparative clinical trial. Electric bowl mixer (like a KitchenAid) or a blender, Small glass jars with lids for sharing (optional). This is because only a small amount of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids are absorbed through the skin (Jedlinszki et al., 2017). Study results revealed that pain intensity during active movement decreased an average of 95.2% in the group given comfrey ointment. Beth Thomas, PharmD, is a clinical pharmacist and founder of BMT Consulting Services, LLC. Comfrey is traditionally used for the symptomatic treatment of minor sprains and bruises and is also known for its healing properties. J Chin Med.Assoc. Toxicol Lett 2005;155:411-20. Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Bird Flu Deaths Prompt U.S. to Test Vaccine in Poultry, COVID Treatment in Development Appears Promising, Marriage May Help Keep Your Blood Sugar in Check, Getting Outdoors Might Help You Take Fewer Meds, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, Getting Help for a Loved One With Psychosis: It's Complicated, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox, Vitamins and Supplements to Avoid with Hepatitis C. Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Feb 8, 2023. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study involving 120 patients with acute back pain, symptoms were quickly reduced in the group using 4 grams of an ointment containing 35% comfrey root extract 3x/day for 5 days (Giannetti et al., 2010). (2013). Gyorik, S. and Stricker, H. Severe pulmonary hypertension possibly due to pyrrolizidine alkaloids in polyphytotherapy. Need some help with an order or want to speak to a member of our Customer Services team? This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. It contains chemicals that are poisonous. Staiger, C. Comfrey: a clinical overview. Huxtable RJ, Awang DV. Comfrey cream The following applications have been used in research: Using large amounts of comfrey cream or using it for extended periods of time increases the risk of side effects like liver toxicity. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Vickers AJ, Vertosick EA, Lewith G, et al. Phytomedicine. Shop buy 1 get 1 half price on all gut health products, Buy 1 get 1 Half Price | Plus an extra 20% off 25, App Exclusive | Get an extra 22% off 25 when you spend on the H&B App, Royal Mail strikes may cause a delay to our click and collect service, Looking for fitness advice & inspiration this New Year? (2001). Supplement use should be individualized and vetted by a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietician, pharmacist, or healthcare provider. Seal with a lid and then label with the ingredients and date. What are the benefits of using it? We're proud to make a difference, and you can to. hollandandbarrett.com is a trading name of Holland & Barrett Retail Limited,. Avoid comfrey with certain medical conditions, such as liver disease. Browse our Sports Hub, Get 20% student discount with Student Beans, Discover the latest natural beauty products. They help us to understand how people use the website and give us the ability to provide targeted marketing to you. One study in 120 patients with acute upper or lower back pain used either four grams (g) of comfrey root ointment or a placebo (sham treatment) three times daily for five days. Navarro VJ, Khan I, Bjrnsson E, Seeff LB, Serrano J, Hoofnagle JH. Patients with hypersensitivity or allergic reactions to the plant should also avoid external use. Kucera, M., Barna, M., Horacek, O., Kalal, J., Kucera, A., and Hladikova, M. Topical symphytum herb concentrate cream against myalgia: a randomized controlled double-blind clinical study. Modern science suggests that the ancients were correct in believing comfrey helps to heal woundsand relieve pain.3,4 In this article, well explain where comfrey comes from, comfrey oils remarkable health benefits and how to use it at home. View abstract. Adv Ther 2005;22(6):681-692. It is easily absorbed to leave your skin feeling fresh, soft and radiant. Most comfrey oils keep for around 2 years after production. Essential oils are a whole new world in themselves & the benefits of using them are widespread. 2012;(1):41-42. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. View abstract. Choose organically grown comfrey when possible. Although not examined in clinical trials, comfrey may possess antifungal and anticancer activity. Satisfaction. 2013;5(5):CD010538. British Homeopathic Journal, 90(01), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1054/homp.1999.0460. View abstract. The Herbal Academy supports trusted organizations with the use of affiliate links. Giannetti, B. M., Staiger, C., Bulitta, M., and Predel, H. G. Efficacy and safety of comfrey root extract ointment in the treatment of acute upper or lower back pain: results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled, multicentre trial. For that reason, Ive also included my go-to comfrey cream recipe for achy joints and muscles! 1 Since at least the 4 th century, people have used comfrey medicinally. Potters Comfrey Oil | Holland & Barrett Shop our range of Potter's Herbals products at Holland & Barrett, including Potters Comfrey Oil. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Efficacy of a comfrey root (Symphyti offic. One study followed 142 patients with ankle sprains. Available at: https://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/dspltr06.html. Dietary supplements are not regulated like drugs in the United States, meaning the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not approve them for safety and effectiveness before products are marketed. Wichtl, M. (2004). Symphyti) in the treatment of ankle distorsions: Results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Heard about essential oils but not quite sure about what they can do for you? View abstract. The Herbal Academy neither endorses them nor is in any way responsible for their content. Barna, M., Kucera, A., Hladicova, M., and Kucera, M. [Wound healing effects of a Symphytum herb extract cream (Symphytum x uplandicum NYMAN: ): results of a randomized, controlled double-blind study]. CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This includes androstenedione, bishop's weed, borage, chaparral, comfrey, DHEA, echinacea, garlic, germander, golden ragwort, hound's tongue, kava, licorice, niacin (vitamin B3), pennyroyal oil, red yeast, St. John's wort, and others. Comfrey is a perennial herb found in moist grasslands in western Asia as well as in North America. Registered office: Samuel Ryder House, Barling Way, Eliot Park, Nuneaton, CV10 7RH, UK. It is not certain whether comfrey is effective in treating any medical condition. Experts suggest not using comfrey cream for longer than ten days in a row. Giannetti, B. M., Staiger, C., Bulitta, M., & Predel, H. G. (2010). To make this recipe, first, you must prepare the comfrey root tincture. Comfrey has been cultivated as a green vegetable and has been used as an herbal medicine for more than 2,000 years. Copyright Holland & Barrett Limited 2023. Additionally, there is scientific research demonstrating comfreys effectiveness at soothing muscle and joint pain, some of which are highlighted in this post. Comfrey has been claimed to heal gastric ulcers and hemorrhoids, and to suppress bronchial congestion and inflammation. Please simply create an account before buying/booking any courses. Wien Med Wochenschr. At least three human studies found that the topical use of a cream containing comfrey root extract may safely help with pain, swelling, and mobility symptoms associated with an ankle sprain. Our associates are qualified to advise, visit us online or in store for unparalleled advice. Can a comfrey (Symphytum officianale) root extraction help ease aching joints and muscles? Supplements marketed for body-building (ex.. NCCIH. J Pharmacopuncture 2021;24(4):196-205. This is the tincture. Comfrey is often sold as an herbal supplement. Nyman) in children: A randomized double-blind study. In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 142 ankle sprain participants, a comfrey root extract applied 4x/day for 8 days improved pain, swelling, and mobility without any adverse reactions (Koll et al., 2004). The FDA has recommended that all comfrey products that are taken by mouth be removed from the market. cup organic, unrefined cocoa butter Would you like to win our brilliant Botanical Business Package with nearly $1,000 in prizes? Barthomeuf, C. M., Debiton, E., Barbakadze, V. V., and Kemertelidze, E. P. Evaluation of the dietetic and therapeutic potential of a high molecular weight hydroxycinnamate-derived polymer from Symphytum asperum Lepech. Book your free, one-to-one online consultation with one of our qualified advisors. Efficacy and tolerance of a comfrey root extract (Extr. Molecules. Ingesting cooking oil has been banned by the European Union, due to a high risk of liver toxicity.9, Adults with liver disease, cancer, or a history of alcoholism are also advised to avoid comfrey because the skin can also absorb the liver-damaging compounds. Some of these components are thought to speed up wound healing by stimulating new cell growth. Grube, B., Grunwald, J., Krug, L., and Staiger, C. Efficacy of a comfrey root (Symphyti offic. The combination of Vitamin E, Wheat Germ oil and Rice Bran oil makes this cream perfect for your daily hydration needs. 2018;19(5):455-474. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2017.11.005, Gagnier JJ, Oltean H, van Tulder MW, Berman BM, Bombardier C, Robbins CB. Copyright 1996-2023 Cerner Multum, Inc. Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat. WMW Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 154(21), 498-507. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10354-004-0114-8, Natural Medicines (2020). 1 It's found in Europe, Asia, and North America. Credit Solution Experts Incorporated offers quality business credit building services, which includes an easy step-by-step system designed for helping clients build their business credit effortlessly. Additionally, because its alkaloids are absorbed through the skin, use of comfrey as a poultice should not exceed an exposure of 100 mcg/day of the alkaloids. J Agric.Food Chem 2001;49(8):3942-3946. Save the remaining liquid alcohol portion. 6 Healing Benefits of Comfrey. 2021;83:e249209. It can grow up to 5 feet tall. Healthy adults: massage about 1 teaspoon of cream into a local area up to 4x/day for up to 2 weeks. (2018). Acupuncture has also shown solid evidence of benefit for back pain. Some medications can also harm the liver. Influence of moderate physical exertion on subacute low back pain, after Symphytum officinale ointment treatment. Two interesting studies found that a topical application of a product containing comfrey root extract helped with knee pain and stiffness. Choose a supplement tested by a trusted third party, such as USP, ConsumerLabs, or NSF when possible. Phytomedicine, 14(1), 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2006.11.006, Jedlinszki, N., Balzs, B., Csnyi, E., & Csupor, D. (2017). Potters Herbal Comfrey Oil is a soothing aromatic herbal massage oil. Symphyti) in the treatment of ankle distorsions: results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. radix) extract ointment in the treatment of patients with painful osteoarthritis of the knee: Results of a double-blind, randomised, bicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Do not use extra comfrey to make up the missed dose. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. However, people with knee pain may be glad to try a topical preparation that could help in addition to any other recommendations made by their physician. cup organic safflower oil International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, (4), 135-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpam.2018.11.002. No comments. 1.35 Fl Oz. (2001). 2758955. The Pharmaceutical Journal, PJ, December 2007. Cap, then label the jars with the date made and ingredients. Apply a small amount (not to exceed a teaspoon) topically 2-3x/day for up to 2 weeks. After eight days, the group that used the cream had significantly less pain than those who had the placebo. The Effect of Comfrey on Enoxaparin-Induced Bruise in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Randomised Clinical Trial. View abstract. This is memorable if you have worked with it, and some use this quality to remember comfreys centuries-long useapplying comfrey over bones, bruises, sprains, and minor wounds with the intention to support mending! Using a combination product makes it challenging to know how much of the beneficial effect came from comfrey alone. randomized double-blind study of 278 patients with fresh abrasions, a. topical preparation containing a 10% comfrey leaf extraction applied for 2-3 days reduced wound healing time of adults and children without side effects (Barna et al., 2012). Comfrey oil is made by infusing the leaves and roots of a comfrey plant with a neutral oil. Comfrey has been used in alternative medicine as a possibly effective aid in treating back pain, osteoarthritis, or tenderness and swelling caused by a sprain injury. radix) extract ointment in the treatment of patients with painful osteoarthritis of the knee: results of a double-blind, randomised, bicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Combination of comfrey root extract plus methyl nicotinate in patients with conditions of acute upper or low back pain: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Registered VAT no. The first European settlers of America considered comfrey so indispensable, they carried it on their journey across the Atlantic in the 1600s.2. However, even if supplements are third-party tested, that doesn't mean they are necessarily safe for all or effective in general. Wound-healing effects of a symphytum herb extract cream (. 7-6-2001; Lin, C. C., Yang, C. C., Phua, D. H., Deng, J. F., and Lu, L. H. An outbreak of foxglove leaf poisoning. Lorem ipsum dolor sit nulla or narjusto laoreet onse ctetur adipisci. (2013). Browse our Sports Hub, Buy 1 get 1 Half Price on Vitamins & Supplements, Buy 1 get 1 Half Price gut health supplements, Contains Comfrey known for its healing properties, Symptomatic treatment of minor sprains and bruises. Undergoingmassage or taking up yoga may help alleviate pain and help people with back or joint problems function more easily. Comfrey cream contains several active components (substances). Herbal medicine for low back pain: A Cochrane review. These include allantoin, rosmarinic acid, and others. No supplement is intended to treat, cure, or prevent disease. Transfer the cooled oil and butter mixture to a standing electric mixer or blender. Tanret, I. and Duh, D. [Pharmaceutical sheet. 2 cups organic, unrefined coconut oil Roeder E. Medicinal plants in Europe containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Add cup of the comfrey tincture and all essential oils to the cooled oil/butter mixture. It has bell-shaped red-violet or yellowish flowers. Comfrey is not recommended for internal use because of the liver damage caused by its pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Stam, C., Bonnet, M. S., & van Haselen, R. A. Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Comfrey has been used medicinally for at least 2000 years for various conditions, including bone fractures, ulcers, and gout. Poisons Legislation Circular 3-22-1993;60. Comfrey shouldn't be used in any form during pregnancy or nursing due to the risk of liver damage to infants. The warm weather has a way of encouraging us to get outside and move our bodies more. Efficacy of a comfrey root extract ointment in comparison to a Diclo-fenac gel in the treatment of ankle distortions: Results of an observer-blind, randomized, multicenter study. This is because only a small amount of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids are absorbed through the skin (. Consult your healthcare provider before using comfrey cream. Company number 02758955 Registered VAT number 211727395. Other alternative therapies may help to ease the pain. This recipe is contraindicated for small children and those with certain medical conditions. Efficacy and safety of comfrey root extract ointment in the treatment of acute upper or lower back pain: Results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled, multicentre trial. Definitely do not use during pregnancy or nursing, with infants, and if you have liver or kidney disease. Medicinal use of this product has not been approved by the FDA. Join rewards for life today and we'll give you 300 points worth 3.00. 2012;62(6):285-289. Jedlinszki N, Balzs B, Csnyi E, Csupor D. Penetration of lycopsamine from a comfrey ointment through human epidermis. Lewis, C. J. FDA Advises Dietary Supplement Manufacturers to Remove Comfrey Products From the Market. All rights reserved. Koll, R., Buhr, M., Dieter, R., Pabst, H., Predel, H. G., Petrowicz, O., & Staiger, C. (2004). Hepatology. , 43 volunteers with osteoarthritis used either a topical cream containing comfrey, tannic acid, and eucalyptus or a placebo cream 3x/ day for 6 weeks. It produces clusters of purple, blue, and white flowers, and it's famous for its long . She is passionate about providing evidence-based recommendations that make health decisions easier and improve lives. Spine(Phila Pa 1976). Make sure to always buy comfrey. Therapeutic Research Faculty 2020. Label with the ingredients and date made. We answer questions, including what are essential oils? & what can I use them for? in this article. Preclinical studies suggest that oral comfrey has antiproliferative effects , and a topical formulation showed wound healing properties . Comfrey might harm the liver. View abstract. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010538, Smith DB, Jacobson BH. Barna, M., Kucera, A., Hladikova, M., & Kucera, M. (2012). Wound-healing effects of a symphytum herb extract cream (Symphytum uplandicum Nyman) in children: A randomized double-blind study. Comfrey: ancient and modern uses. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. Using a supplement like comfrey may have potential side effects. Like any new treatment, discontinue use if any irritation occurs. This site uses cookies to improve your experience. Although topical comfrey has been used for this indication, there's little evidence that it helps and can pose a big risk for nursing babies. Fortschr Med Orig 2002;120:1-9. This perennial can grow up to 4-feet tall. Comfrey's original name, knitbone, derives from the external use of poultices of its leaves and roots to heal burns, sprains, swelling, and bruises. However, comfrey can also contain toxic substances called pyrrolizidine alkaloids that cause liver damage, cancer, and death. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. Avoid taking comfrey orally (by mouth). Do not use this product if you have a sensitivity to any of the ingredients. Topical preparations of comfrey are generally safe provided they are not applied excessively or to an open wound. Efficacy of a comfrey root extract ointment in comparison to a Diclo-fenac gel in the treatment of ankle distortions: Results of an observer-blind, randomized, multicenter study. In a randomized, controlled, double-blind study with 203 patients, applications of a 10% comfrey cream were well tolerated, reduced swelling and pain, and improved mobility (Kucera et al., 2004). Discontinue use if a rash develops. Toe was infected and painful.