The historical trend chart shows acceptance rates from the previous years, from which we have projected the acceptance rate for the 2023-2024 school year. what percent of texas is christian. 3. In addition to sampling error, surveys may also be subject to error or bias due to question wording, context, and order effects. Here are the 10 states with the most religiousity: Alabama - 77%. The design effect of 1.3 is included in the margins of error. You further agree to submit to the jurisdiction and venue of the courts of the District of Columbia for any dispute relating to this Agreement. The Religion Census says "Jewish congregations record their size in terms of 'member units' or entire households who pay membership dues." The median age of Black Protestant adults is 50, the same as white mainline Protestants (50), but slightly higher than the median for all Americans (47) and higher than most religious groups, except for white Catholics (54) and white evangelical Protestants (56). Your download should begin shortly. Perceptions of Anti-Transgender Discrimination Amid the Deluge of Anti-Transgender Legislation, Despite Political Battles, Democrats and Republicans Generally Agree on Racial Justice Education Policies, American Religious Identity at the County Level, America is no longer as evangelical as it was and heres why, The Christian Right Is in Decline, and Its Taking America With It, Survey: White mainline Protestants outnumber white evangelicals, while nones shrink. ), Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), Other Episcopalian/Anglican (Mainline Trad. ), Apostolic Pentecostal (Historically Black Protestant Trad. ), Other Nondenominational (Evangelical Trad. Emails are serviced by Constant Contact. At the same time, the estimated number of Muslims in the state increased to 421,972, making it the fifth largest religious group in the state and making Texas first in the nation in number of Muslims. By Posted jordan schnitzer house In strengths and weaknesses of a volleyball player Texas Christian University in Boydton, VA Religious Census: Religious Congregations and Membership Study. Texas is the second-most populous U.S. state, with a 2020 U.S. census resident population of 29,145,505, [1] [2] and apportioned population of 29,183,290. But A&M is not the most conservative school in the state: Dallas Baptist University landed in the top spot and No. Key states include Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Michigan, North Carolina, New Mexico, Ohio, Texas, and Utah. From 2013 to 2018 (28%), the share of unaffiliated Democrats grew slightly each year, before dropping to 23% in 2020. PRRI worked with NORC to use the American Values Atlas survey data from 2013-2019, which includes interviews with random samples of 459,822 U.S. adults (ages 18 and over) to generate county-level estimates for each religious affiliation in 3,142 counties in all 50 states, plus the District of Columbia, using a technique called small area estimation modeling. Shifts since 2013 in the religious composition of both the Republican Party and the Democratic Party follow a similar trend: a decline in the share of Christians and a corresponding increase in the share of religiously unaffiliated Americans. views about government aid to the poor by state, Learn More: views about government aid to the poor, Does more harm than good, Does more good than harm, % of adults in Texas who say abortion should be, Compare: By submitting this form, you are granting: Public Religion Research Institute, 2027 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, District of Columbia, 20036, United States, http://www.publicreligion.org/ permission to email you. Meanwhile, 28% of all respondents (40% of pro-life . This dataset was merged with American Community Survey (ACS) data on 3,142 counties across all 50 states to produce, for the first time, a rigorous estimate of the religious demographics of every county in the U.S. Because there is no measure of religious affiliation on the ACS or any other U.S.[6] Census Bureau product, this PRRI Census of American Religion is the most comprehensive resource available on religious diversity in America. Just 16 percent have any type of religious affiliation at the time of their attacks, with a slight majority of those being Muslims. The slight increase in white Christians between 2018 and 2020 was driven primarily by an uptick in the proportion of white mainline (non-evangelical) Protestants and a stabilization in the proportion of white Catholics. With more than 370 religious bodies, over 350,000 congregations, and over 160 million adherents, the 2020 U.S. RP. The Republican breakdown is more akin to groups of Americans over age 65, who are 59% white Christian, 20% Christian of color, 4% another religion, and 14% unaffiliated. The average Texas Christian University salary is $39,444. In 2006, just 4% of Republicans identified as unaffiliated. 0.1% of the residents of the state observe Orthodoxy. . views about environmental protection by state, Learn More: views about environmental regulation, Stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy, Stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost, Compare: The decline in unaffiliated Democrats from 2018 to 2020 is offset by an increase in white mainline Protestants (12% in 2018 and 16% in 2020), consistent with the overall trend of increasing white mainline Protestant affiliation among all Americans. About 1% of students at Texas. According to the U.S. Census of 2010, there were 2,782,876 blacks in Texas, which would mean 87.6 percent of black Texans, who are predominately Protestant, were designated as unaffliliated to any church. The other states that have relatively high Evangelical Protestant populations include California (20%), New Mexico (23%), North Dakota (22%), and Illinois (20%). In Tennessee, 73% of adults are seen as "highly religious" based on the four measures. 2% of the residents of Texas identify as either Buddhist, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, or others. As seen in the chart above, many of the larger churches have a diminished portion of the population from what they had in 2000. White Catholics have also declined from a high point of 16% of the population in 2008, and their low point of 11% occurred in 2018. By 2006, that had declined to 54%, and by 2017 it was down to 43%[4]. Seven in ten Americans (70%) identify as Christian, including more than four in ten who identify as white Christian and more than one-quarter who identify as Christian of color. Religion Census is the most extensive count of congregations ever conducted. Results for all demographic, religious affiliation, and political affiliation questions were based on 50,334 bilingual telephone interviews (including 35,212 cell phone interviews) conducted between January 7, 2020 and December 20, 2020 by professional interviewers under the direction of SSRS. Among Republicans, most of this decline is among white evangelical Protestants, who have declined from 37% of the party in 2006 to 34% in 2013 and are now down to a low of 29% in 2020. Jewish Americans are younger than most Christian groups, but older than other non-Christian groups. PRINCETON, NJ -- The large majority of Americans -- 77% of the adult population -- identify with a Christian religion, including 52% who are Protestants or some other non-Catholic Christian. The 10 highest concentrations of religiously unaffiliated Americans in counties with greater than 10,000 residents are: The median age of religiously unaffiliated American adults is 38, much younger than the median age of all Americans (47). Compare: The estimates have varying measurement error based on the size of the county and the number of surveys completed in each county. Students Color: 100% . The founder of Microsoft has pursued various philanthropic causes under their own non-profit foundation. Bill Gates. The Baptist denominations continued to grow, and in 1838, the first Episcopal services on Texan soil were held. The 10 highest concentrations of other Christians in counties with more than 10,000 residents are: The median age of other Christian adults is 47, the same as the median age of 47 for all Americans, but younger than the median age of 53 for all white Christians. To measure religious diversity in the United States, this report uses an index developed to measure variations in the concentration of global religious populations. Lakewood Church, the most gigantic of America's churches, sits in Houston where Joel Osteen is the pastors. The census, taken every 10 years, relies on self-reports from congregations for membership numbers. . White Catholics are most heavily concentrated in counties in the Northeast and Midwest and in southern Louisiana. These increases are offset by sharp declines in the proportion of religiously unaffiliated Americans in each age group. See Constant Contacts Email Privacy Policy for details. Six in ten Native Americans (60%) identify as Christian, mostly comprised of 47% who are Protestant (28% evangelical, 19% non-evangelical). More than four in ten Americans (44%) identify as white Christian, including white evangelical Protestants (14%), white mainline (non-evangelical) Protestants (16%), and white Catholics (12%), as well as small percentages who identify as Latter-day Saint (Mormon), Jehovahs Witness, and Orthodox Christian[2]. An additional 11% are Catholic, 1% are Latter-day Saint, and 1% are Jehovah's Witnesses. Table A2 shows sample sizes for religious affiliations in the report. . This license will terminate (1) automatically without notice from PRRI if you fail to comply with the provisions of this agreement, or (2) upon written notice (by e-mail, U.S. or otherwise) from PRRI. Among Democrats, those numbers fall to 9%, 16%, and 13%, respectively. In 1986, only 10% of those ages 1829 identified as religiously unaffiliated. Religion Census, at least 56.0 percent of Texans are adherents to a religion. The largest Christian denomination in Texas is Protestants (50%) followed by Roman Catholics (23%), Mormonism (1%), Jehovah's Witness (1%) and Other Christians (3%) Majorities of Hindu (67%), Unitarian Universalist (59%), and Jewish (58%) Americans have four-year college degrees or higher. More than one-third of Muslims (39%), white mainline Protestants (37%), Buddhists (37%), and the religiously unaffiliated (36%) have at least a four-year college degree. Evangelical Protestantism has had a visible influence on the political, social, and cultural scene of Texas throughout the State's history. Meanwhile, 44 percent of Christians in Texas are over 50, and only 20. The 10 highest concentrations of white Christians in counties with more than 10,000 residents are: The median age of white Christian adults is 53. The two authors calculate that roughly 20 percent of adult Americans qualify, in Perry's words, as "true believers in Christian nationalism.". Tell us about it! Latter-day Saints are most heavily concentrated in Utah. The Data is provided as is without any warranty of any kind, either express or implied, arising by law or otherwise, including but not limited to warranties of completeness, non-infringement, accuracy, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose. Religion in Texas 57.6% of the people in Texas are religious: - 16.3% are Baptist - 0.6% are Episcopalian - 19.3% are Catholic - 1.1% are Lutheran - 4.7% are Methodist - 1.9% are Pentecostal - 0.8% are Presbyterian - 1.2% are Church of Jesus Christ - 9.0% are another Christian faith - 0.2% are Judaism - 0.5% are an eastern faith The average age of an employed pastor is 51 years old. White evangelical Protestants make up 14% of the U.S. population as of 2020. Does your community have an annual fair or festival you'd like to have listed on our site, or in the next Texas Almanac? Notwithstanding the foregoing, you may incorporate limited portions of the Data in scholarly, research, or academic publications or for the purposes of news reporting, provided you acknowledge the source of the Data (with express references to PRRI, as well as the complete title of the report) and include the following legend: PRRI bears no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations of the data presented here. Texas leads all states with the number of farmers: 412,575. [In addition, the religion census includes denominations that provide numbers of congregations, but who have not provided the numbers of adherents in each congregation. Percentage of U.S. congregations using websites 1997-2010 Ranking of U.S. denominations 2010, by e-mail usage Age distribution of U.S. religious groups 2016, by faith tradition (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax Americans ages 65 and older are the only group whose religious profile has changed significantly since 2013. That's compared to 23 percent of Idaho's total population. Black Protestants and white mainline Protestants have a median age of 50. You may not reproduce, sell, rent, lease, loan, distribute, or sublicense or otherwise transfer any Data, in whole or in part, to any other party, or use the Data to create any derived product for resale, lease or license. Six in ten Native Americans (60%) identify as Christian, mostly comprised of 47% who are Protestant (28% evangelical, 19% non-evangelical). Lawyer guilty of murder United States - 5,502 views; Trump can be sued by cops United States - 12,003 views; Train crash toll now 57 Greece - 5,040 views; More World News More Black Americans identified as Christian in 2013 (79%) and fewer said they were religiously unaffiliated (16% in 2013). Americans ages 1829 are the most religiously diverse age group. The sample weighting was accomplished using iterative proportional fitting (IFP), a process that simultaneously balances the distributions of all variables. Less than 1% are Jewish, and 1% belong to another religion. According to a 2011 Gallup poll, the state with the greatest percentage of respondents identifying as "very religious" was Mississippi (59%), and the state with the smallest percentage were Vermont and New Hampshire (23%), while Florida (39%) and Minnesota (40%) were near the median. White mainline Protestants are politically mixed: 33% identify as Republican, 35% identify as Democrat, and 30% identify as independent. Nearly half of Muslim Americans live in urban (46%) and suburban areas (46%), and only 9% live in rural areas. The population density parameter was derived from 2010 Census data. The initial Roman Catholic missionaries first entered into Texas together with Spanish conquistadores who intended to claim the territory for the Spanish crown. Texas Christian University (TCU) is a private research university in Fort Worth, Texas. The proportions of Christians of color and non-Christian religious people feature more modest shifts. frequency of prayer by state, Learn More: frequency of prayer, At least daily, Weekly, Monthly, Seldom/never, % of adults in Texas who attend prayer group, Compare: Black Protestants are most heavily concentrated in the South and Southeast, particularly in the Deep South. In addition, the estimated percentage of the school-age population that was homeschooled increased from 1.7 percent in 1999 to 3.4 percent in 2012. The short answer is that among students and employees who come to TCU with a Christian background, the overwhelming majority (in my observation) grow in and express their faith while at TCU in a multitude of ways. Each week, interviewing occurred over a five- or six-day period, starting Tuesdays or Wednesdays and going through Sunday or Monday. ages 1829, who are 27% white Christian, 26% Christian of color, 7% another religion, and 36% unaffiliated, and ages 3049, who are 40% white Christian, 32% Christian of color, 4% another religion, and 23% unaffiliated. The full-time TCU undergraduate population is made up of 59% women, and 41% men. The biggest difference in the religious makeup of self-identified Republicans and Democrats is the proportion of white Christians compared to Christians of color and the religiously unaffiliated. Minority: 100%. Conversely, there is a larger percentage of Catholics living in Idaho, than there are representing constituents in the Legislature. Another 19% are Catholic, 2% are Latter-day Saint, and less than 1% each are Jehovahs Witnesses or Orthodox Christians. Differences in a biblical worldview also affected how Christians handled various topics, such as social issues and politics. Joseph Bays was the first of the Baptists while Sumner bacon was the first Presbyterian. Data collection was based on stratified, single-stage, random-digit-dialing (RDD) of landline telephone households and randomly generated cell phone numbers. It is unclear if the bump back up to 12% in 2020 indicates a new trend. Students who study abroad often discover varying levels of commitment to religious diversity and freedom in other countries, which can lead to a better understanding of their own notions about religion and spirituality. Three in ten (29%) Asian or Pacific Islander Americans belong to a non-Christian religion, including 11% who are Hindu, 9% who are Buddhist, and 8% who are Muslim. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. However, with the total state population booming, the churches still reported an increase of 2.17 million members, while the total population of Texas increased by 4.29 million from 2000 to 2010. ), Apostolic Pentecostal (Evangelical Trad. Immigration of Spanish priests ended with the Mexican war for independence and seminaries subsequently closed. views about size of government by state, Learn More: views about size of government, Smaller government; fewer services, Bigger government; more services, % of adults in Texas who say government aid to the poor, Compare: Hispanic Catholics generally identify as Democrats or independents: One in ten Hispanic Catholics identify as Republican (10%), about four in ten identify as Democrat (41%), and about four in ten identify as independent (42%). According to the Jewish Virtual Library, Jews make up just over 2.2% of the population in the U.S. as of 2020. Crosspoint Christian School. The first stage of weighting corrects for different probabilities of selection associated with the number of adults in each household and each respondents telephone usage patterns. Half (50%) are Protestant, including 23% who identify as evangelical and 27% who are mainline Protestant. The 10 highest concentrations of white mainline Protestants in counties with more than 10,000 residents are: The median age of white mainline Protestant adults is 50. Since 2007, white mainline (non-evangelical) Protestants have declined from 19% of the population to a low of 13% in 2016, but the last three years have seen small but steady increases, up to 16% in 2020. Multiracial was separated as its own category for the first time in the 2014 American Values Atlas data. Among Republicans, 29% are white evangelical Protestants, 22% are white mainline Protestants, and 15% are white Catholics. Another 2% affiliate with another religion. Among Democrats, only 17 percent favor the idea, while only 38 percent of respondents expressed support for the idea overall. Since 2006, white evangelical Protestants have experienced the most precipitous drop in affiliation, shrinking from 23% of Americans in 2006 to 14% in 2020. Nearly one-third or 31.2% of the world's population is considered to be Christian. Over just over 20 years from the beginning of January 1998 through today, there have been 69 killers committing 66 mass . (The U.S. census counted 25,145,561 persons in Texas in 2010.) An estimate of the membership in black Pentecostal churches was about 300,000. The telephone usage parameter came from an analysis of the January-June 2018 National Health Interview Survey. During the same period, the number of Texans not attached to a religion rose by 2.13 million. Jewish Americans make up 1% of the U.S. population as of 2020. Both major political parties are majority Christian, with 83% of Republicans and 69% of Democrats identifying as Christian. The first 62 editions of the Texas Almanac are fully searchable to aid researchers and students of Texas history. https://www.prri.org/research/american-religious-landscape-christian-religiously-unaffiliated/#page-section-2. All other weighting parameters were derived from an analysis of the U.S. Census Bureaus March 2018 Current Population Survey. The religion thus began declining making the territory ripe for the Revival Movement. The Midwest rounds out the top five states with the most farmers: Missouri (162,345, or 5% of the labor force) Iowa (145,432 or 9% of the labor force) The construction of a church was however postponed during the 1st Balkan War. The 2013-2019 American Values Atlas (AVA) is a project of PRRI. Many settlers, such as the Pilgrims, settled in the United States in order. Texas ranks in the upper half among the states in percentage of the population belonging to a denomination. This indicator describes the characteristics of students . According to 2017 Pew Research Center data analyzed for CT, white evangelicals are more likely than members of other faith groups or the average citizen to own a gun; 41 percent do, compared to 30 . The Dallas-Fort Worth region hosts some of the nation's mega-churches including Prestonwood Baptist and Potter's House. Important Dates & Deadlines. Other groups of white Christian Republicans have not shifted quite as dramatically. 64.4% of the residents of Texas adhere to Evangelical Protestantism. It has a total undergraduate enrollment of 10,222 (fall 2021), its setting is suburban, and the campus size is 302. Compared to the US average of 56% female students, TCU has a lower gender diversity than other US colleges and is slightly less inclusive of males. According to the 2010 U.S. In 2020, nearly 92,000 people died in the United States from drug-involved overdoses. White mainline Protestants made up 22% of the party in 2006, reached a low of 18% in 2018 and rebounded to 22% in 2020. TCU's freshman retention rate is 91.3%, with 83% going on to graduate within six years. Model-based estimates for each religious denomination and county were generated using a standard small area estimation approach referred to as Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Prediction. 3. The proportion of white Christians hit a low point in 2018, at 42%, and rebounded slightly in 2019 and 2020, to 44%. More than one in five (21%) Black Americans are religiously unaffiliated. The census, sponsored by the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies, is the only U.S. survey to report religious membership down to the county level, as well at the state level. In 1990, it was estimated that there were 815,000 black Baptists in Texas. A majority (51%) of Jewish Americans live in suburban areas, while four in ten (40%) live in urban areas, and only 8% live in rural areas. Hispanic Catholicism dominated the religious scene in Texas until 1821, a period during which the Christianization of the Indians occurred. importance of religion by state, Learn More: importance of religion in one's life, Very important, Somewhat important, Not too important, Not at all important, % of adults in Texas who attend religious services, Compare: Students Color Range: 100% 100% Avg. Finally, model-based estimates for each religious denomination were generated for all counties in the U.S., not limited to counties with survey data.. [1]Throughout this report, the term white signifies respondents who identify as white or Caucasian and do not identify as Hispanic or Latino. PRRI has taken measures to ensure that the Data is devoid of information that could be used to identify individuals (e.g., names, telephone numbers, email addresses, social security numbers) who participated in or who were the subject of any research surveys or studies used to collect the Data ("Personally Identifying Information.") As recently as 1996, almost two-thirds of Americans (65%) identified as white and Christian. What Is The Difference Between Catholic And Christian? The Asian American community has been growing in Texas, most of whom are Japanese, Filipino, Vietnamese, Chinese, and Korean Americans. Hispanic Catholics are younger than most white religious groups but a bit older than non-Christian groups. 2. Texas Religion Percentage Christianity is the largest religion followed by 77% of the population. The overall acceptance rate trend for Texas Christian University has been getting much higher in the past few years. PRRI's latest results represent a notable increase even from last year 's American Values. The Christian subset includes one in five (20%) who are Protestant (10% evangelical, 10% non-evangelical), 10% who are Catholic, 1% who are Latter-day Saint, and 1% who are Orthodox Christian. Over the last few decades, the proportion of the U.S. population that is white Christian has declined by nearly one-third. By contrast, the proportion of religiously unaffiliated seniors increased from 11% in 2013 to 14% in 2020. Thank you! 30% of Latter-day Saints live in urban areas, 42% live in suburban areas, and 28% live in rural areas. In 1917, Dallas, Fort Worth, and Houston were able to build Orthodox churches. Because of health issues, not only did I pay the $12,000 premium, I also pa. Browse our curated list of helpful links for students and researchers. Several special studies provide data for groups without central data offices, such as the Amish, Buddhist and Hindu groups, as well as Orthodox and non . Although a majority (54%) are Christian, only 28% are white Christians (including 12% who are white mainline Protestants, 8% who are white Catholics, and 7% who are white evangelical Protestants), while 26% are Christians of color (including 9% who are Hispanic Catholics, 5% who are Hispanic Protestants, 5% who are Black Protestants, 2% who are multiracial Christians, 2% who are AAPI Christians, and 1% who are Native American Christians). Texas Christian University is a private institution that was founded in 1873. Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World, Conservative Baptist Association of America, General Association of Regular Baptist Churches, Nondenominational Christian (Evangelical Trad. The weighting was accomplished in two separate stages. Muslim Americans are primarily concentrated in major metropolitan areas, particularly in the New York City area. Compared to 2013, white Americans are slightly less Christian overall (74% in 2013) and more likely to be unaffiliated (22% in 2013). Of those accepted, 2,560 enrolled, a yield rate (the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 24.1%. Learn More: party affiliation, Republican/lean Rep., No lean, Democrat/lean Dem. The poll also found that a majority American Christians now support homosexuality, but less so on abortion. The 10 highest concentrations of Latter-day Saints in counties with more than 10,000 residents are: The median age of Latter-day Saints adults is 47, the same as the median age of 47 for all Americans, but younger than the median age of 53 for all white Christians. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. There are 11,938 students including 10,222 undergraduate and 1,716 graduate students at Texas Christian University for academic year 2021-2022. The median age of Black Protestants has increased most, from 45 in 2013 to 50 in 2020. We are the premier source for trusted information about Texas. It would give the couple 40 percent off if they have four . ), Missionary Baptist (Historically Black Protestant Trad. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. The increase in proportion of religiously unaffiliated Americans has occurred across all age groups but has been most pronounced among young Americans. political ideology by state, Learn More: political ideology, Conservative, Moderate, Liberal, % of adults in Texas who would rather have, Compare: White Christians tilt Republican: 39% identify as Republican, 31% identify as Democrat, and 28% identify as independent. Protestantism gained ground in Texas from 1815 to 1817 in line with America's Great Awakenings. Each year, at least 1,000 interviews were completed each week, with percentages of cell phone interviews increasing over the years to 70% in 2019. The Co-Cathedral of the Sacred Heart situated in Houston, for example, boasts a sitting capacity of 1,820 people. The Dallas-Fort Worth region hosts some of the nation's mega-churches including Prestonwood Baptist and Potter's House. Black Protestants make up 7% of the U.S. population as of 2020. With 27,248 congregations, Texas reported the highest number of congregations in . This past June, a Gallup poll put support at 67 percent, matching a previous high measured in 2018. frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe by state, Learn More: frequency of feeling wonder about the universe, At least once a week, Once or twice a month, Several times a year, Seldom/never, % of adults in Texas who say they look tomost for guidance on right and wrong, Compare: The 10 highest concentrations of white evangelical Protestants in counties with more than 10,000 residents are: The median age of white evangelical Protestant adults is 56, older than the median ages of all Americans (47) and all white Christians (53). Texas stats are interesting: In the 1990 ARIS poll, 23 percent of Texans said they were Catholic. These facts and stats give a global picture of how many Christians are in the world today. Adopt the TX Town or County of your choice and share your message with the world. With close to 15.8 million Christian adherents, California reported the highest number of Christian adherents, whereas Vermont reported the lowest -- only 200,000 identified as Christian adherents. And while this rate is still better than that of most other Christian denominations, it represents a modest decline from 2007, when the retention rate stood at 70 percent. Demographics of Texas. More than four in ten Buddhist Americans (44%) live in suburban areas, about four in ten (41%) live in urban areas, and 14% live in rural areas.
Swiss Italian Surnames,
The Social And Cultural Environment Includes Everything Except,
Caudal Regression Syndrome How Does Zion Clark Pee,
Why Was Ananias Reluctant To Go To Saul,
Articles W