what happened directly following the 1921 tulsa massacre? what happened directly following the 1921 tulsa massacre?

The good times reached into the north section of the city, dominated by African Americans. In the Tulsa City Commission report issued two weeks after the massacre, Mayor T.D Evens unequivocally stated, Let this blame for this Negro uprising go right where it belongs, on those armed negroes who started this trouble and who instigated it.. You have white people, some of whom are not doing well economically, who can look across those tracks and see Black people living in homes, driving cars, furnishing their homes with pianos, women wearing furs, all the trappings of economic success. By late afternoon, several hundred angry White residents had gathered at the courthouse demanding that Rowland be handed over to them. Within a week of the massacre, at least 6,000 of the remaining residents were detained in internment camps. Despite the oil boom, Tulsa suffered from a stalling economy that had resulted in widespread unemployment, especially among the White population. This method became custom whenever Black people were on trial as they usually faced lynchings. An estimated 300 people were killed within the districts 35 square blocks, burning to the ground more than 1,200 homes, at least 60 businesses, dozens of churches, a school, a hospital and a public library, according to a report issued by Human Rights Watch. Oklahoma Historical Society via Gateway to History. The white mob swelled into the thousands. Rowland went inside the building to use the third-floor segregated restroom. For Black people, Greenwood is a reminder of the need to stay vigilant. Technically, the attacks and riots happened from May 31- June 1, 1921. In the early hours of June 1, 1921, then-Gov. what happened directly following the 1921 tulsa massacre?uindy football roster. Since being granted statehood in 1907, Oklahoma had been the scene of the lynchings of at least 26 Black men and boys. Homes and businesses were either destroyed or burned by fire. The Newberry Library received, in 2018, a $200,000 grant from NEH for Chicago Reflects on the 1919 Race Riots to support a variety of projects, including a website, public events, a digital exhibition, and classroom resources. The story of Tulsas Greenwood community. It was in this supercharged atmosphere of racial animosity in which the events that ignited the Tulsa Race Massacre took place. Here are five facts about the Tulsa Race Massacre that you didnt learn in history class. Tulsa native Majeste Pearson sings "Lift Every Voice and Sing", Starting in 1830 after the passage of the Indian Removal Act, tens of thousands of Native Americans were violently forced to leave their homelands in the Southeastern United States to relocate out West. As dawn broke on June 1, thousands of white citizens poured into the Greenwood District, looting and burning homes and businesses over an area of 35 city blocks. In 2001, the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 released a comprehensive report and in 2015 the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission was created in order to . June 17, 2022 ipswich town live radio commentary Last modified on Wed 1 Dec 2021 16.51 EST E arlier this month, the three known survivors of the 1921 Tulsa massacre testified in Congress about the world they lost when a white mob burned. In early September 2020, survivors of the 1921 massacre and their descendants, in Oklahoma state court against the City of Tulsa and other defendants. Corrections? Quraysh Ali Lansana, an Oklahoma native and the acting director of the Center for Truth, Racial Healing, and Transformation at Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, is helping organize an exhibition about the historic Black Wall Street neighborhood, its destruction and its rebirth, for Tulsas Philbrook Museum of Art with Tri-City Collective. A. Cargill. Hundreds of Black-owned businesses and homes were burned to the ground, killing an estimated 100-300 Black residents, and leaving an estimated 10,000 Black residents homeless. Sidestepping discrimination in the oil industry, Blacks arriving in Tulsa prospered as maids, shoeshines, waiters, chauffeurs, cooks, barbers, mammies, and gardeners to the newly rich. One hundred years ago, on May 31, 1921, an angry white mob beat and murdered at least 300 Black residents in a Tulsa, Okla., neighborhood known as " Black Wall Street ." The incident became. Only in 2020, 99 years after the fact, did the Greenwood massacre become part of the Oklahoma school curriculum! . Multiple Black men were armed at the scene and violent confrontations with white men and white police officers quickly erupted. Historians tend to de-emphasize the violence waged against Black people in AmericaTulsa is one prominent example. He did not find evidence that the disaster was premeditated by city officials, but he thought they certainly took advantage of it to the detriment of the Black community. North Greenwood Ave. in Tulsa, Okla., prior to the 1921 Tulsa massacre. At around 9:15 a.m., a special train arrived carrying at least 100 additional Oklahoma National Guard troops who began helping Sheriff McCullough and local police restore order. At about 4 p.m. on Monday, May 30, 1921Memorial Daya 19-year-old Black shoeshine shop worker named Dick Rowland allegedly entered the only elevator in the Drexel Building on South Main Street to use the Coloreds-only restroom located on the top floor. if we remember just last year was the first time that a president even said that this happened," said Tulsa licensed professional counselor Dwayne Mason Jr., during a panel discussion on generational trauma . All Rights Reserved. Alternate titles: Tulsa race riot of 1921. It all started on Monday morning, May 30, 1921, when a nineteen-year-old African-American shoeshine named Dick Rowland was working at a stand in front of the Drexel Building in downtown Tulsa. Units of the Oklahoma National Guard participated in the mass arrests of all or nearly all of Greenwoods residents.. As many as 300 people were killed in 1921 when a white mob attacked the Greenwood district of Tulsa, a thriving Black community, and burned it to the ground. a false account of the story with heavily sensationalized language. Black people had money and needed places to spend it. White mobacrats employed extralegal tactics to gain an advantage over Blacks, Indians, and even white union organizers. industry events and directly to . The white mob blocked firefighters while 1,256 homes were destroyed and another 400 were looted. I am here asking my country to acknowledge what happened in Tulsa in 1921, said Viola Fletcher. I am here seeking justice.. Social media was abuzz with people trying to find out more about Tulsa. Multiple Black men were armed at the scene and violent confrontations with white men and white police officers quickly erupted. Around 9 p.m., a group of about 25 armed Black menincluding many World War I veteranswent to the courthouse to offer help guarding Rowland. To get started investing, check out . But the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre is an example of the inability to transfer wealth intergenerationally because of disruptors some of these wealthy Black men, their wealth was lost in the massacre, and it was not restored.. Over the course of 18 hours, from May. . Special Collections and Archives. according to a report issued by Human Rights Watch. A front-page story in the Tulsa Tribune that afternoon reported that police had arrested Rowland for sexually assaulting Page. What Caused the Tulsa Race Massacre? The 2001 Oklahoma Commission Report states, Deputies did not stem the violence but added to it, often through overt acts that were themselves illegal. In early September 2020, survivors of the 1921 massacre and their descendants filed a new lawsuit in Oklahoma state court against the City of Tulsa and other defendants. Sheriff Willard McCullough refused, and his men barricaded the top floor to protect the Black teenager. The Greenwood district in Tulsa, Okla., prior to the 1921 massacre. . During the Tulsa Race Massacre, which occurred over 18 hours from May 31 to June 1, 1921, a white mob attacked residents, homes and businesses in the predominantly Black Greenwood neighborhood of Tulsa, Oklahoma. According to the Red Cross, 1,256 homes were burned with another 215 looted and vandalized. Thabiti Lewis ' essay on the 1921 Tulsa Massacre elicits a gamut of emotions throughout its 3,500 gripping words. Another postcard showed the burning of an unidentified Black man in Durant, and was captioned Coon Cooking. In 1917, 17 white members of the International Workers of the World were flogged, tarred, feathered, and turned loose on the prairie by Knights of Liberty dressed in black robes and masks. An Oklahoma judge has ruled that a lawsuit seeking reparations for the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre can proceed, bringing new hope for justice for three centenarian survivors of the deadly racist attack. The massacre left somewhere between 30 and 300 people dead, mostly African Americans, and destroyed Tulsa's prosperous Black neighbourhood of Greenwood. Both survived the conflict. In November 2018, the1921 Race Riot Commission was officially renamed the 1921 Race Massacre Commission. By 1942, over 200 Black businesses were operating in Greenwood. The elevator operator, a 17-year-old White girl named Sarah Page, was the only other person on the elevator. World, 10, 14, 15 June 1921). A 2001 state commission examination of events was able to confirm 36 dead, 26 Black and 10 white. Dick Rowland was arrested the next morning. In 2001, the report of the Race Riot Commission concluded that between 100 and 300 people were killed and more than 8,000 people made homeless over those 18 hours in 1921. And so there's that dissonance between what these people think ought to be, based on white supremacy, and what actually is. WATCH: The Night Tulsa Burned on HISTORY Vault. So, promises broken. ThoughtCo. During this 2021 centennial of the Tulsa disaster we are reminded of the shameful legacy of white racism in Tulsa and other Black communities not that long ago. A family reads the Black Wall Street Memorial during festivities of the 100 year anniversary of the 1921 Tulsa Massacre in Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S., May 29, 2021. . I will never forget the violence of the hate mob when we left our home. B. Mann, a WWI veteran and veritable giant, led a valiant fight by sniping the rioters from Mt. The 1921 Tulsa race massacre, one of the worst incidents of racial violence in the US, occurred in a broader context of racist violence and oppression stemming from slavery, which continues to . A bill in the Oklahoma State Senate requiring that all Oklahoma high schools teach the Tulsa Race Riot failed to pass in 2012, with its opponents claiming schools were already teaching their students about the riot. After McCullough convinced them to go home, some members of the White mob unsuccessfully tried to steal rifles from the nearby National Guard armory. Seeing the crowd turning into a lynch mob, McCullough ordered several armed deputies to barricade the top floor of the courthouse, disabled the buildings elevator, and ordered the deputies to shoot any intruders on sight. I still see Black men being shot, Black bodies lying in the street. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. The Tulsa. Searches for other possible mass grave sites are ongoing as descendants of victims seek justice. Tulsa's Greenwood district rebuilt after the massacre 100 years ago. is chicagoland speedway being torn down; is iperms down I still smell smoke and see fog. Greenwood functioned independently, with its own school system, post office, bank, library, hospital and public transit. In 2001, the Oklahoma 1921 Race Massacre Commission report concluded that 36 people, 26 Black and 10 White, had died. Courtesy, OSU Ruth Sigler Avery Collection One. The only living survivors of the massacre Viola Fletcher, 107, her brother, Hughes Van Ellis, 100, and Lessie Benningfield Randle, 106 addressed lawmakers. Everyone knew that he should lie low for a while. DuBois had visited Tulsa in March as the NAACP protested the gruesome lynching of Henry Lowery in Arkansas. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He is a member of the Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations and has conducted 1,820 African-American oral histories for The HistoryMakers. "They are doing things that will be promoting education and entrepreneurship and I applaud them." The 1921 Tulsa massacre occurred in the context of more than three dozen racial incidents across the country in 1919 that then were referred to as race riots. We know that there were several thousand unaccounted for, Mechelle Brown, program coordinator for the Greenwood Cultural Center, told CNN during a 2016 interview. Omissions? Fire was a primary weapon of the Tulsa Massacre. With the Civil War still a sore spot, the white supremacist group the Ku Klux Klan had resurfaced. . My parents and five siblings were there. Now that Tulsa has scratched its way into popular culture, it stands as a symbol of Black tragedy and also of resurrection and resilience. The next day the Tulsa Tribune printed a story saying that Rowland had tried to rape Page, with an accompanying editorial stating that a lynching was planned for that night. The massacre was not well-known for about 50 years following its occurrence. Directed by Emmy-winning director Jonathan Silvers and reported byThe Washington PostsDeNeen L. Brown,the new documentaryTulsa: The Fire and the Forgotten on PBS(check local listings),pbs.org/tulsamassacre and the PBS Video app, examines this deadly assault on humanity on the 100th anniversary of the crime and chronicles present-day public efforts to memorialize the Tulsa Race Massacre and other racial violence around the country. Rowland left Tulsa the day after he was released, never to return. Tulsa police officers arrested Dick Rowland, a Black 19-year-old, May 31, 1921 for allegedly assaulting a white girl, the report said, but there was little evidential proof. The 2001 Oklahoma Commission Report states, Tulsa failed to take action to protect against the riotSome deputies, probably in conjunction with some uniformed police officers were responsible for some of the burning of Greenwood. According to human rights investigator Eric Stover, by deputizing members of the white mob, the city and state took on a responsibility to stop the violence and carry out a thorough investigation but failed to do both. DuBois had already warned the Black veterans of World War I, in the May 1919 issue of the Crisis, that they would be cowards and jackasses if now that the war is over, we do not marshal every ounce of our brain and brawn to fight a sterner, longer, more unbending battle against the forces of hell in our own land.. what happened directly following the 1921 tulsa massacre?leap year program in python using for loop. Within an hour, rumors of a lynching moved newly elected Tulsa County sheriff Willard M. McCullough to place city police on alert. The town was entirely destroyed by the end of the violence, and the residents were driven out permanently. A furious mob of thousands of white men then surged over Black homes, killing, destroying, and snatching everything from dining room furniture to piggy banks. This upheaval resulted in the uncontested mob outnumbering the remaining Black people by 20 to 1, the report said. In 1997 a Tulsa Race Riot Commission was formed by the state of Oklahoma to investigate the massacre and formally document the incident. The father of John Hope Franklin, he represented many victims claims in lawsuits seeking compensation for damage to property and business. A Greenwood legend, Peg Leg Taylor, a veteran of the Spanish-American War, was said to have shot a dozen white men from a sniper position on Standpipe Hill. appearance, and a sprinkling of trappers, hunters, half-breeds, creoles and negroes of every hue. Black families, enslaved and freed, were among the Lochapoka Creeks, who were forced from Alabama during the Trail of Tears and founded Tulsa in 1836. According to Tim Madigans. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. In the immediate aftermath of the Massacre, approximately 6,000 Black Tulsans were forcefully detained in internment camps guarded by armed men and forced to work for free as virtual slaves for the City of Tulsa. Oklahoma quickly became the state with the most independently ran Black towns, with Black families traveling to Tulsas Greenwood district to spend their money and largely contribute to its financial boom. One hundred years ago, a violent white supremacist mob raided, firebombed, and destroyed approximately 35 square blocks of the thriving Black neighborhood of Greenwood in Tulsa, Oklahoma.. Dreisen Heath, a researcher at Human Rights Watch who authored the report, said law enforcements involvement in the massacre illustrates the demands of racial justice movements a century later. Damaged properties and smoke coming from buildings following the Tulsa Race Massacre, Tulsa, Oklahoma, June 1921. thurgood marshall school of law apparel Projetos; bubble buster 2048 town Blog; . DuBois had visited Tulsa in March as the NAACP protested the gruesome lynching of Henry Lowery in Arkansas. dorfromantik switch release; lecture en ligne chevaliers d'emeraude; scorpio rising intimidating; sometimes i feel like a motherless child django; . The Bloomberg Philanthropies gave Tulsa $1 million for an expansive public art project called the Greenwood Art Project. Green Currin, who participated in the Oklahoma Land Run of 1889, was elected to the Oklahoma Territorial Legislature in 1890. By the end of the next day, June 1, 1921, more than 35 square blocks of the once-prosperous Greenwood district had been destroyed. A group of National Guard troops, carrying rifles with bayonets attached, escort unarmed Black men to a detention center after the Tulsa Race Massacre, Tulsa, Oklahoma, June 1921. White mob members began looting and setting fires to local businesses. The. Tulsa law enforcement deputized and armed certain members of the mob. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The days between May 30 - June 1, 1921 were tumultuous days for the African-American residents living in the prosperous Greenwood District of Tulsa, Oklahoma. Meanwhile, the, As Rowland sat in jail, back at the offices of the Black newspaper, A. J. Smitherman of the Tulsa Star led an impassioned discussion about how to protect him. In July of 2020, the Greenwood Community Development Corporation in Tulsa, Oklahoma, received an NEH grant to reopen and prepare its historic site for visitors to return. . what happened directly following the 1921 tulsa massacre? Black wealth is generally one-tenth of white wealth. DuBois had already warned the Black veterans of World War I, in the May 1919 issue of the, Details are difficult to gather, because many survivors of the massacre fled the city. Commonly known as the Trail of Tears, the Five Civilized Tribes, On July 19, 1866, the Cherokee Nation signed a Reconstruction, On May 31, 1921, 19-year-old Black shoe shiner Dick Rowland, an employee at a Greenwood Main Street shine parlor, entered an elevator operated by white 17-year-old Sarah Page in the nearby Drexel Building. At some. Members of the commission gathered accounts of survivors who were still alive, documents from individuals who witnessed the massacre but had since died, and other historical evidence. In, This time, the police, fearing a lynching, moved Rowland from the regular jail to the top floor of the Tulsa County Courthouse for safekeeping. The WSU Vancouver professor of English and associate vice chancellor for academic affairs co-authored the piece on an overlooked series of historic tragedies that he hopes can help spur change 100 years later. CNN Amid efforts to find unidentified victims of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre in Oklahoma, a forensic anthropologist discovered that one of three sets of remains exhumed last week included. Smithermans, W.E.B. Old World War I airplanes dropped bombs on Greenwood, with the mob fatally shooting Black people and looting and burning their homes and businesses. Randi Richardson reports for TODAY Digital and NBC BLK from New York. Published May 27, 2021 He is author of, State and Jurisdictional Humanities Councils, HUMANITIES: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities, SUBSCRIBE FOR HUMANITIES MAGAZINE PRINT EDITION, Sign up for HUMANITIES Magazine newsletter, Chronicling America: History American Newspapers. Bettmann Archive/Getty Images. 2156, which would prevent most of the victims from rebuilding and the insurance companies from paying for damage caused by the massacre, even as white pawnshop and hardware store owners were compensated for damages to their shops. Those indictments were largely dismissed or not pursued, according to the Human Rights Watch report. Later that afternoon, however, the white-owned newspaper Tulsa Tribune published a false account of the story with heavily sensationalized language. Chased by an ever-growing mob of armed White attackers, the Black residents retreated deeper into Greenwood. 1921 Tulsa Race Riot, Tulsa Historical Society & Museum. In 2010 John Hope Franklin Reconciliation Park was opened in the Greenwood District to memorialize the massacre. The Tulsa Real Estate Exchange estimated total real estate and personal property losses at $2.25 million, the equivalent of nearly $30 million in 2020. True deliverance for the people of Greenwood, however, came from within, as documented in their own record of the massacre and its aftermath. Post-Civil War massacres in New Orleans, Memphis, Wilmington, Charleston, the Atlanta, Georgia, massacre (1906), the Elaine, Arkansas, massacre (1919), and the Rosewood, Florida, massacre (1923) have been buried deep in the record, ignored in mainstream history books, and lost to national memory. This work analyzes the massacre from a sociological perspective, extending an . Archaeologists identified four likely locations of such graves. Two of the last known survivors of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Viola Fletcher, 108, and Hughes Van Ellis, 102 became citizens of Ghana in a ceremony Tuesday. Tulsa Race Massacre: Causes, Events, and Aftermath. So trust is a real lingering issue, he said. He is author of Black People Are My Business: Toni Cade Bambaras Practices of Liberation (2020) and Ballers of the New School: Race and Sports in America (2010). Original Production Funding provided in part by The Derfner Foundation, A. W. Fong, Joseph and Diane Steinberg, Elaine and W. Weldon Wilson, Carolyn Patty Blum, Darian Swig, Neal and Ashley Robin, the Albert A. Robin Family Foundation, and Craig Mowry. The Tulsa Race Massacre stands out as one of the worst acts of racial violence in American historyand, for decades, it remained one of the least known. The Oklahoma National Guard, called in by the governor to restore order, did so by joining the fray against the outnumbered and outgunned Black community. As in much of the United States in the years following World War I, racial and social tensions in Oklahoma were running high. In 1996, on the riots 75th anniversary, a service was held at the Mount Zion Baptist Church, which rioters had burned to the ground, and a memorial was placed in front of Greenwood Cultural Center. Thousands of African-American families moved in and helped found 30 Black towns, including Boley, Clearview, Tatum, Lima, and Langston, where McCabe himself helped found Langston College in 1897. A year before the massacre, an association of medical professionals, visiting Tulsa for a conference, lined up for a panoramic photo in front of Williams Dreamland Theatre. Were going to go downtown and stop this lynching. True to their word, an armed contingent of 25 Black men went to the Tulsa County Courthouse. The final grand jury report agreed with the Tulsa City Commission that Black people were the main culprits. In 2018, Radio Diaries in New York City received a $350,000 grant from NEH to support several episodes of its historical radio program and podcast, one of which, Surviving the Tulsa Race Riot, told the story of the Tulsa Race Massacre through the life and memories of Olivia Hooker, who was just six years old in 1921. Some witnesses even reported seeing low-flying airplanes raining bullets or incendiaries onto Greenwood. In late September 1921, the case against Dick Rowland was dismissed after the Tulsa county attorney received a letter from Sarah Page, in which she stated that she did not want to press charges. On May 30, 1921, a young Black teenager named Dick Rowland entered an elevator at the Drexel Building, an office building on South Main Street. Cars filled with armed Whites drove through the Greenwood district randomly firing shots into Black-owned homes and businesses. In its preliminary recommendations, the commission suggested that the state of Oklahoma pay $33 million in restitution, some of it to the 121 surviving victims who had been located. But 100 years ago, on May 31, 1921, and into the next day, a white mob destroyed that district, in what experts call the single-most horrific incident of racial terrorism since slavery. For decades, there were no public ceremonies, memorials for the dead or any efforts to commemorate the events of May 31-June 1, 1921. Even afterward, few Black families had a chance to organize a funeral or mourn their dead. He bought land and opened another general store north of Tulsas St. Louis and San Francisco or Frisco Railroad tracks. As evening fell, an angry white mob was gathering outside the courthouse, demanding the sheriff hand over Rowland. I still see Black businesses being burned. When a confrontation between an armed African American man, there to protect Rowland, and a white protester resulted in the death of the latter, the white mob was incensed, and the Tulsa massacre was thus ignited. Our country may forget this history, but I cannot.. It occurred in Tulsa, Oklahoma, beginning on May 31, 1921, and lasting for two days. Vernon AME Church with a plaque commemorating the 1921 Tulsa Massacre, in Tulsa, Okla., on May 21st, 2021. Three young men were shot and killed, and read more. Black Tulsans struggling to rebuild their lost homes, businesses, and lives, saw the level of segregation in the city increase as the newly established Oklahoma branch of the Ku Klux Klan grew larger and more influential. Parrish, who miraculously escaped death as she fled through a hail of gunfire with her young daughter, wrote: The Tulsa disaster has taught great lessons to all of us, has dissipated some of our false creeds, and has revealed to us verities of which we were oblivious. Just after midnight, sporadic gunfights between Whites and Black residents began breaking out. Scholars began to delve deeper into the story of the riot in the 1970s, after its 50th anniversary had passed. The governor, however, appointed a jury of 12 white men, and the all-white jury indicted mostly Black men for the massacre, calling the event a riot and attributing it to Black mobs. Segregation produced a captive marketplace, and Black entrepreneurs prospered. google classroom welcome announcement examples. Smithermans Tulsa Star promoted the idea of the New Negro, independent and assertive. This lawsuit seeks to remedy the ongoing nuisance caused by the 1921 massacre and to obtain benefits unjustly received by the Defendants. Black folks were shut out from the dominant white-led economy in what I call an economic detour. Among the counted dead was Dr. A. C. Jackson, a noted surgeon endorsed by the Mayo Clinic (the clinic acknowledged his prominence). And they mustered the strength to rebuild. At least $1.4 million in damages were claimed after the massacre, or about $25 million in todays dollars, after controlling for inflation and the current economy, but experts say its an underestimation. The setback has only compounded since then as Tulsa remains largely segregated and riddled with racial disparities. Police were also seen deputizing members of the lynch mob, instructing them to get a gun and start shooting Blacks. When he heard of the Glenn Pool oil strike, Gurley saw opportunity and moved to Tulsa in 1906. The racially explosive article of May 31 that had sparked the violence was removed from archived copies of the Tulsa Tribune. As the battle spread into the Greenwood district, hundreds of Black residents exited local businesses to see what was causing the commotion. Then Dick Rowland disappeared. During the great land rushes of the 1890s, Oklahoma had become home to many settlers from the South who had owned slaves before the Civil War. After the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre, attorney B. C. Franklin (right) set up his law office in a tent. Kept safely under guard in the jail during the riot, he left Tulsa the next morning and reportedly never returned.