A helpful overview of the significance of the colonies for the mainland is Alfred W. McCoy, Francisco A. Scarano, and Courtney Johnson, On the Tropic of Cancer: Transitions and Transformations in the U.S. Imperial State, in McCoy and Scarano, Colonial Crucible , 333. only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement The threewestern territories, overseas territories, and foreign basesfit together in overlapping but chronologically distinct arcs. Adding Texas and Vermont to the pool yields an average time-to-statehood of 42 years. Can we say the same about the overseas territories? As the 1898 generation saw, a full history of the Greater United States is not just the story of overseas territories, but also of western ones. To get a better sense of this, consider the historiographic fate of the Philippines, the largest U.S. colony by an order of magnitude, in our most prominent historical journals. 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). Puerto Rican scholars have written a great deal about Albizu, who is a towering figure in Puerto Rican culture. Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. As a result of the United States' multiple acquisitionsincluding Hawaii and the Philippinesduring the late 1800s, the period is referred to by some as the nation's age of U.S. _____. But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. Williams and the many historians working in his long shadow have always happily acknowledged the colonies that the United States took. Rather, we encounter the United States as something new: a dynamic and heterogeneous polity, with borders shifting throughout North America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, and the Pacific. Under whatever name, the conception of a Greater United States had largely vanished by the U.S. entry into the First World War. Acquisition: An acquisition is a corporate action in which a company buys most, if not all, of another firm's ownership stakes to assume control of it. Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007). 1. Purchased from Mexico for $10 million. Today, we are in a similar position. But thats not it. 45 But what we are learning is how important those small specks nevertheless are, as they act as staging grounds for precisely the kind of economic, military, and cultural interventions that the Wisconsin School emphasized. Takeover, the purchase of one company by another; Mergers and acquisitions, transactions in which the ownership of companies or their operating units are transferred or consolidated with other entities; Procurement, finding, agreeing terms and acquiring goods, services or works from an external source; Library acquisitions, department of a library responsible for . The Greater United States is not my term. Palin herself twice attended Alaska Independence Party conventions. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. When we factor the territories in, were left not with the logo mapthe familiar compact and static land mass. Herbert E. Bolton, The Epic of Greater America, American Historical Review 38, no. Those examples are merely suggestive. 47. In its first twenty-five years it published only a single article on the Philippines, during which time it published three on Guatemala (one-eighth the size) and seven on France. But to think of the United States as having an informal empire only would be to miss something important. Frank Ninkovich offers an overview of the historiography in The United States and Imperialism, in Robert D. Schulzinger, ed., A Companion to American Foreign Relations (Malden, MA, 2003), 79102. 10. In 2000, the Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York was dedicated to Albizu (and to the struggle of Vieques against the U.S. Navy). Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. To this day, the drawer in the mahogany table used by the Republican leadership to address the House has a jagged hole in it. 33, Furthermore, the Japanese-occupied parts of the United States became a Pacific bloodlands. 37, To that accounting should be added the overseas military bases that the United States took during the warthe third arc in the history of the Greater United States. But moving it into the non-state column changes little. The country had claimed scattered military bases before, but in 1945, the United States possessed some 30,000 military installations on 2,000 base sites. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence Sectionalism map of the united states; This intervention eventually brought about changes in the relationships of the United States with Hawaii, Samoa, and China. For a widely read recent articulation of the Williams thesis that the United States has pursued imperialism by other means, see Richard H. Immerman, Empire for Liberty: A History of American Imperialism from Benjamin Franklin to Paul Wolfowitz (Princeton, NJ, 2010). But even that familiar story, when viewed through the lens of territoriality, can seem new. It would be easy to round those points down to zero, just as it has been easy to round the western territories up to states. Counting Negroes on the mainland, American Samoa, Hawai'i, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Alaska; nonwhites in Puerto Rico; Negro and Negro-mixed in the Panama Canal Zone; and no one in the Philippines and Guam (for which racial breakdowns were not incorporated into the U.S. census) places U.S. blacks at 8.85% of the population. The logo-map silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. independent as Republic of the Marshall ]d*d>&Pd,QMG{\T-8FFSI>rK}bbSh]Z")aqvTI*FI}jO~>(-lL%cd&ct2Pd{>t: 91 R5(LtT+3l1YZzDzL>X2LkR:&.iz>,!9)9s6G&f!))wGc/=-UHwkAx#qhO DOCUMENT 3 "Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any . This is a United States territorial acquisitions and conquests list, . 29,670. It would be hard to disagree with the Wisconsin-School assertion that U.S. global power rests on foundations other than territorial control. Well before all of the continental territories became states, the United States embarked on a second phase of territorial history: overseas territories. In the rest of the theater, it occurred on December 8th. On U.S. military calculations in the reconquest of the Philippines, see Richard Connaughton, John Pimlott, and Duncan Anderson, The Battle for Manila (London, 1995). 5. This has been a common response of cities to urbanization in neighboring areas. The books in this collection are in the public domain and are free to use and reuse. To speak only of formal acquisitions, . 32 And it included the internment of Alaska Natives from the Aleutian Islands by the U.S. government. This was an intellectually transformative event. 40. 10511898, section 2, Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueos, Hunter College, CUNY. All rights reserved. The United States of America : including all its newly acquired territory. 7. 1845. JFIF ` ` C Congress rejected the proposal, though, partly to avoid the prospect of Indian representatives in the Capitol. U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. It has to do also with something deeper: our conception of the United States. The Historical Office of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) dates to 1949. Research at least 6 tools in each category and, Please Follow All The Requirements Carefully And Upload On Time 4 Acquisitions Incorporated was an adventuring company from the Sword Coast. U.S. historians have displayed a tremendous interest in the subject of empire for a long time. 1848. 3 (1933): 44874. 40 By the time Alaska and Hawaii became states in 1959, the proportion of people living under U.S. jurisdiction but outside of the states had fallen from 51% to around 2%, and it has hovered between 1% and 3% ever since. 46. In 1950, Albizu orchestrated a coordinated uprising throughout Puerto Rico, a rebellion so serious that the Puerto Rican National Guard used planes to suppress it, strafing the towns of Jajuya and Utuado from the sky. Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. As one of the justices summarized the logic, the Constitution was the supreme law of the land, but the territories were not part of the land. 20, The result of all thisthe erasure of the colonies from the map, the references to the Greater United States growing scarce, the Courts expulsion of the territories from the landwas the reassertion of an understanding of the United States as a nation-state. Texas. 4. Shattuc, W. B. We are seeing within the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) a surge of interest in the many spaces that the United States has controlled outside of its mainland. The final map in the series showed the United States full territorial extent. Nationalism waxed, imperialism waned. With time, Indian Territory was whittled down to Oklahoma. A map of the territory acquired from Mexico including the annexation of Texas in 1845, California, Utah Territory, and New Mexico Territory in 1848, and the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.. Certainly, many inhabitants of the territories have regarded U.S. rule as illegitimate and seen themselves as inhabitants of, for example, the Hawaiian nation rather than of the United States. 5 (2015): 927-42, and the more familiar story of Indian reservations. 22. It was but one in a long chain of violent acts undertaken by Puerto Rican nationalists under the leadership of Pedro Albizu Campos, arguably the most important domestic opponent of the U.S. empire in the twentieth century. 2007-228. ch. Dean Kohlhoff, When the Wind Was a River: Aleut Evacuation in World War II (Seattle, WA, 1995) and Jennifer Sepez, Christina Package, Patricia E. Malcolm, and Amanda Poole, Unalaska, Alaska: Memory and Denial in the Globalization of the Aleutian Landscape, Polar Geography 30 (2007): 193209. Boston, Small, Maynard & company. in 1999, Purchased from Denmark Not in the sense of endorsing the Courts opinion, but in adhering to the Courts understanding about what parts of the United States are in the country and what parts arent. commonwealth status as Federated States of 4. But what isnt important to the argument is the formal empire. (William B.) The aim was to protect the lives of U.S. soldiers, but the cost was borne by Filipinos, large numbers of whom were killed in the crossfire. following military victory; independent in 1946, Annexed following military victory over Spain, Annexed in settlement with Britain You notice that Pearl Harbor was not just an isolated attack on one patch of U.S. soil but a blitzkrieg directed at U.S. and British colonial holdings in the Pacific. annually; ceded to Panama in 1999, Purchased from Denmark for $25 million; currently an Speech of Hon. McCormick, interview with James G. Morgan, quoted in Morgans Into New Territory: American Historians and the Concept of US Imperialism (Madison, WI, 2014), 76. 11. It is tempting to think that the overseas territories can be safely dismissed in this way because they were small and remote. But, overall, the overseas territories today contain over four million people. 1848. This was not just a war to defend the sovereignty of countries in Europe and Asia. following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of 1856, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of 1856; I jokingly describe this to my students as the Menacing Eagle School of History, after the many books in this vein whose covers depict eagles attacking the globe. W.B. Course Outcomes explored in this module: Lab Report 328 The zip has the lab results and etc. Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out that a full census of all the people who lived under U.S. jurisdiction at the wars endresidents of the states, colonies, and occupied zonesreveals the astonishing fact that the majority (51%) lived outside of the continental United States. Palins husband, an Alaska Native, was for years a registered member of the Alaska Independence Party. They shot five Congressmen, nearly killing one. Relief shown by hachures and spot heights. The maps came in two kinds: box maps, which showed the North American landmass plus the colonies arranged in boxes (as Alaska and Hawaii are usually displayed today), and world maps, with all U.S. territory highlighted in color, in the manner of British imperial maps. $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of The Jackson administration proposed carving out a large portion of Indian Territory for eventual admission to the union as an all-Indian state. 36. Books appeared with intriguing titles: The Greater Republic (1899), The Greater United States (1904), and seven books whose titles contained the phrase Greater America published in the decade following the 1898 war. I have an assignment, and please dont copy any words and no plagiarism please. J. Edgar Hoover to Harry Hopkins, July 17, 1943, FBIPR Files, Pedro Albizu Campos, FBI File No. (To annex is to join a new territory to an existing country.) National Wildlife Refuge, Joint occupation with Britain; Fifteen years before his famous address to the American Historical Association, the Epic of Greater America, Bolton published a series of classroom maps and an atlas with Albert Bushnell Hart. Why were so many new possessions located in the Pacific Ocean? Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as The mission of the historical office is to collect, preserve, and present the history of the Office of . 27. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . The turn-of-the-century literature: Gilson Willets and Margaret Hamm, Greater America: Heroes, Battles, Camps (New York, 1898); Greater America in Picture and Story: The Army, the Navy, and Our New Possessions (Chicago, IL, 1898); David Jayne Hill, Greater America (Washington, DC: 1898); Great Northern Railway Company, Greater America: A Brief Description of the New Pacific Colonies and How to Reach Them (St. Paul, MN, 1899); Charles Morris, The Greater Republic: A New History of the United States (New York, 1899); Greater America: The Latest Acquired Insular Possessions (Boston: 1900); George Campbell, The Greater United States of America, or, the United States in Destiny (Topeka, KS, 1904); Archibald Ross Colquhoun, Greater America (New York, 1904); Ralph D. Paine, The Greater America (New York, 1907). 16 The term United States of America has ceased to be an accurate description of the countries over which the Stars and Stripes float, the author of one argued. Headings - United States--History - United States--Foreign relations - United States--Colonial question - United States--Territorial expansion Notes ), 32 Sherman's march to the sea LC Civil War maps (2nd R. O. Evans and Company - Robertson, H. C. National expansion under the Constitution; or, Despotic power versus delegated authority. diss., University of Michigan, 2011); Peter Bacon Hales on atomic testing on the Bikini atoll in Outside the Gates of Eden: The Dream of America from Hiroshima to Now (Chicago, IL, 2014), ch. But that fact can overshadow the territorial purgatory that future states occupied for long periods. All instructions are in the template file. But California was the extreme. Mexican Cession. They hung on classroom walls. 10 It is true that many of the currentinsular possessions of the United States are extraordinarily small (Wake Island: population 150; Swains Island: population 17). We typically say that the end of the war left the United States in a global position of economic and political supremacy. Also available in digital form. Fish and Wildlife Service, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of The extraordinary maps they made showed the United States as it had become, not a contiguous mass but rather an empire with global reach. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States : For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.-Native American treaties . If that is anywhere close to correct, that makes World War II in the Philippines the most violent event ever to take place on U.S. soil, bloodier by far than the Civil War. 1. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. John W. Griggs in The Insular Cases, Comprising the Records, Briefs, and Arguments of Counsel in the Insular Cases of the October Term, 1900, in the Supreme Court of the United States (Washington, DC, 1901), 363. Still, empire continues to guide our inquiries. Pdf. The historical literature on bases is growing quickly, with an especially tight focus on the tense relationships between bases and their surrounding areas. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. 5 0 obj Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. On average, places that began as territories on the continent took forty-five years to achieve statehood. Consider Williamss Empire as a Way of Life , a 226-page survey of U.S. imperial ambitions that engages in no substantive discussion of any overseas territory. state.gov. Vendor: Bernard J. Shapero Books (London) Acquisitions control no. Interior, Leased from Panama for $10 million, plus $250,000 One thinks of Teddy Roosevelt achieving national fame by charging up San Juan Heights in Cuba, William Howard Tafts terms as governor-general in the Philippines and then Secretary of War (with supervision over the colonies), Daniel Burnhams ambitious urban plans for Manila and Baguio, Margaret Meads fieldwork in American Samoa, and New Dealer Rexford Tugwells governorship of Puerto Rico. 38. Summary, Has The Organization Managements Played Part In Increase In Information Risk In The Modern World 1 The total area of U.S. overseas bases is reported in Department of Defense, Base Structure ReportFiscal Year 2015 Baseline: A Summary of the Real Property Inventory, Washington, DC, 2015, 84. Diplomatic History used to be like that. The story of western expansion is, of course, well known. Why has this figure, who seems so immediately fascinating, not part of mainstream U.S. historiography? The country claimed 94 such islands, nearly all in the Caribbean and Pacific, by 1903. Besides the histories of military bases listed above, exemplary studies of small spaces include Ron Robins examination of embassies and cemeteries in Enclaves of America: The Rhetoric of American Political Architecture Abroad, 19001965 (Princeton, NJ, 1992); John Lindsay-Polands portrait of San Jose Island in Emperors in the Jungle: The Hidden History of the U.S. in Panama (Durham, NC, 2003), ch. The Journal of American History has never printed his name. . In the span of only a few years, the United States had increased its size exponentially with the contentious annexation of Texas in 1845, the 1846 Oregon Treaty with Great Britain for half of the Oregon Country; and acquired California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming as a result of the Mexican-American War of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904. stream Once again, the Greater United States is coming into view. The more states followed Virginias lead, the larger the non-state territory grew. The question of territory was there from the start. In a series of cases from 1901 to 1922, known as the Insular Cases , the Supreme Court considered whether the territories were part of the United States as referred to in the Constitution, i.e., it asked whether the Constitution applied to them. 12. 44. John O'Sullivan (1813-1895), famously proclaimed that it was "our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence." That is the same number that the American Historical Review has published. More recent work that explores the subordinated status of western territories includes Earl S. Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 18611890: Studies in Colonial Administration (Philadelphia, PA, 1947); Whitney T. Perkins, Denial of Empire: The United States and Its Dependencies (Leyden, 1962); Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 17841912 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1968); Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 17801825 (Kent, OH, 1986); Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987); Peter J. Kastor, The Nations Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, CT, 2004); Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History (New Haven, CT, 2004); Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, eds., The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 18031898 (Lanham, MD, 2005); and Go, Patterns of Empire . First attempt to open the Mississippi LC Civil War maps (2nd ed. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1994 became a United States--Foreign relations, - 44, The United States has shifted away from the large land annexations of the nineteenth century to an empire consisting largely of islands and overseas bases: a pointillist empire. Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelts Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 16. The most thorough account of Hawaiian martial law is Harry N. Scheiber and Jane L. Scheiber, Bayonets in Paradise: A Half-Century Retrospect on Martial Law in Hawaii, 19411946, University of Hawaii Law Review 19 (1997): 477648. In World War I, inspired by Wilsonian rhetoric of self-determination, Albizu served as a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. Writers, too, registered the change, as they cast about for new ways to refer to the country. 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007). That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. 2. Also available in digital form. Congress officially annexed Alaska in 1884 America Acquires Alaska U. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, OH, 1959). Even as presidents disavowed territorial conquest, they dropped bombs, seized markets, meddled in foreign politics, and Coca-colonized the world. * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States.. diss., University of Chicago, 2014). "The United States have always protested against the doctrine of international law which permits the subjugation of the weak by the strong. (New York, 2006), 179. Examine the map of US acquisitions and annexations. 21. James R. Blaker, United States Overseas Basing: An Anatomy of the Dilemma (New York, 1990), 33. Despite his extraordinary career, Albizu doesnt have much of a place in U.S. historiography. The most thorough discussion of anti-basing protests and their effects on the World War II basing network is Rebecca Herman Weber, In Defense of Sovereignty: Labor, Crime, Sex and Nation at U.S. Military Bases in Latin America, 19401947 (Ph.D. A very good overview of bases and other points within the network of U.S. postwar power projection is Ruth Oldenziel, Islands: The United States as a Networked Empire, in Gabrielle Hecht, ed., Entangled Geographies: Empire and Technopolitics in the Global Cold War (Cambridge, MA, 2011), 1342. https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. Theodore Friend writes that at least 500,000 Filipinos, 300,000 Japanese, and 40,000 mainlanders were killed in Between Two Empires: The Ordeal of the Philippines, 19291946 (New Haven, CT, 1965), 267. Includes note, list to poplulation by states, and a bar graph showing the National Publishing Company (Boston, Mass.). Earl S. Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia (Stanford,CA, 1951). Annexation is an unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, is distinct from conquest and differs from cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty. In the past fifty years, the Journal of American History has published one non-review article about the Philippines. 25. There has been an accelerating avalanche of high-profile books on U.S. overseas territory, especially the Philippines. Treaty of Paris Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley, CA, 2002); Katherine T. McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest: The U.S. Navy in Vieques, Puerto Rico (New Brunswick, NJ, 2002); Noenoe K. Silva, Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2004); Warwick Anderson, Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (Durham, NC, 2006); Paul A. Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines (Chapel Hill, NC, 2006); Julian Go, American Empire and the Politics of Meaning Elite Political Cultures and the Philippines and Puerto Rico during U.S. Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2008); Julie Greene, The Canal Builders: Making Americas Empire at the Panama Canal (New York, 2009); Jana K. Lipman, Guantnamo: A Working-Class History between Empire and Revolution (Berkeley, CA, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy, Policing Americas Empire: The United States, the Philippines and the Rise of the Surveillance State (Madison, WI, 2009); Anne L. Foster, Projections of Power: The United States and Europe in Colonial Southeast Asia (Durham, NC, 2010); Lanny Thompson, Imperial Archipelago: Representation and Rule in the Insular Territories under U.S. Dominion after 1898 (Honolulu, HI, 2010); and Julian Go, Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present (Cambridge, 2011). Because my calculation does not include states that were never territories, it excludes (1) the original thirteen states, (2) states that were carved out of existing states (KY, ME, WV), and (3) independent republics that were admitted as states (TX, VT). 28. Besides the above, see especially Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1990); Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.Korea Relations (New York, 1997); McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest ; Maria Hhn, GIs and Frauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002); Ji-Yeon Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America (New York, 2002); Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 19451959 (New Haven, CT, 2003); Mark L. Gillem, America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire (Minneapolis, MN, 2007); Masumichi S. Inoue, Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization (New York, 2007); Harvey Neptune, Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007); Steven High, Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 19401967 (New York, 2009); Lipman, Guantnamo ; Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire ; David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, NJ, 2009); Maria Hhn and Seungsook Moon, eds., Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present (Durham, NC, 2010); Amy Austin Holmes, Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945 (Cambridge, 2014); Sasha Davis, The Empires Edge: Militarization, Resistance, and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific (Athens, GA, 2015); and Vine, Base Nation . The comparison is enlightening. uninhabited; National Wildlife Refuge, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a of the United States, Geography 20 of the Interior, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently uninhabited;