In 1925, The Washington Post estimated New England had more than a half-million Klansmen, with 150,141 in Maine and more than 370,000 across the other New England states. Episode 223: . There are also a range of towns and cities that have that unique New . Ireland and England flocked to the area to extract the mineral through hard-rock mining. You wrote: In Maine, for example, only two of the states 16 counties had fewer than 10 blacks in 1890. Browse historic home listings in New England with the real estate experts at CENTURY 21 North East. Sundown towns are communities in which Black people were not welcome, For the love of Trkiye: Reflecting on an extraordinary experience, Murdaugh verdict sends a Lowcountry message: No one is above the law | Opinion, Mail carrier cant believe his eyes after seeing NC lottery win. The term came from signs posted that "colored people . list of sundown towns in new england. It said, From this date on, when anyone telephones us in answer to an ad in any newspaper and their name is, or appears to be Jewish, do not meet them anywhere.. Sundown towns may seem like relics of a bygone era, but they arent. As the earth reaches the two points that are equidistant between seasons there comes a time - the two equinoxes: one in March and the other in September - when all places on earth experience 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. Over the years, a number of different news outlets have openly named areas of the U.S. sundown towns. Those who were caught in the state and unable to pay the fine were punished by being re-enslaved and sold at auction. Naval Observatory. "Sundown towns" were white communities that used threats of. But first, he . Sundown towns once drove out people of color or prohibited them from living within city limits. They were common in communities of the Northeast, Midwest, West, and parts of the South that had few African American and other minority residents prior to the 1880s. Forty years earlier, there had been 56. The exception rather than the rule: Jackie Robinson at home in Stamford with his wife Rachel, sons David, Jackie Jr.. and Sharon. [32], Chinese Americans were also excluded from most of San Francisco, leading to the establishment of Chinatown. A 1940 deed for a development called High Ledge Homes in West Hartford, Conn., said, No person of any race except the white race shall use or occupy any building on any lot. The deed allowed one exception for people of a different race: the owners employees. We mourn the loss of our friend and colleague and remain committed to the work he began. Our USA Golf page has over 15,000 golf courses. [25][26][27][28], In Nevada, the ban was expanded to include Japanese Americans. Real-time updates and all local stories you want right in the palm of your hand. It said, From this date on, when anyone telephones us in answer to an ad in any newspaper and their name is, or appears to be Jewish, do not meet them anywhere.. In Nahant, Mass., a property deed written in the 1920s contained language forbidding the owner to sell the house to Greeks or Jews. A Klan rally near Montpelier, Vt., in 1925 drew 10,000. Madame Alexander Victoria Doll, Select a state from the map below to view a list of sundown towns, History and Social Justice Website Copyright 2023, Using Lies My Teacher Told Me and Teaching What Really Happened, Resources for Teaching with Lies My Teacher Told Me, Teachers Corner: Teaching with Lies My Teacher Told Me, Contact Jim Loewen to Speak to Your Group, Causing Change With Lies My Teacher Told Me, Works Inspired or Influenced by Lies My Teacher Told Me, Useful Quotations about History and Social Justice, Native American Issues, Including the Explorers, Teaching Slavery, the Civil War, and Reconstruction, Civil Rights Movement to Modern Times: c. 1945 Now, Alphabetical Map of Sundown Towns by State, How to Research and Teach About Sundown Towns, Using Research Information to Help a Sundown Town Overcome Its Past, Loewens Work on Standardized Testing Used by Others, Embarrassing Questions about Standardized Tests. In 1973, all-white Ashby, Mass., voted at Town Meeting 148 to 79 against inviting people of color into town. Sundown Towns; racial discrimination in the North; One resident of the Wollaston neighborhood of. Paid 20 to park. They are ghost towns now. The term meant that if you were not white you had to be out of the town by nightfall or suffer the consequences. Loewen collected anecdotes about places where minorities were afraid to spend the night. Praise for Sundown Towns: "Powerful and important . He rattles off the names of celebrated American suburbs that once barred black people, and in some cases Jews -- Levittown, N.Y.; Dearborn, Mich.; Kenilworth, Ill.; Edina, Minn. and Darien, Conn.,. Dr Pepper Actors, The suburbs often did not provide schools for black people, causing black families to send their children to school in large municipalities such as Atlanta, Georgia. By 1930, Maine had five. [16] In 1853, all blacks were banned from entering the state of Indiana. A sundown town is a community that for decades kept non-whites from living in it and was thus "all-white" on purpose. [10] Though widely believed to be a thing of the pastracially restrictive covenants were struck down by the Supreme Court in its 1948 Shelley v. Kraemer decisionmany hundreds of towns continue to effectively exclude black people and other minorities in the twenty-first century.[5]. The Boston Fish Pier is a vestige of a blue-collar Boston now surrounded by acres of gleaming glass towers, hotels, and condo buildings. This story about sundown towns was updated in 2023. The Secret History of New Englands Sundown Towns. Lovecraft Country is located in New England and is comprised of the author's fictional towns. Even socially-progressive New England has a history with this, and recently Goshen, Indiana publically acknowledged this tragic part of []. Small towns kept out not just black people, but Jews, Catholics, Greeks, Italians, Indians, even trade unionists and gays. Racial tensions in America's 'sundown towns'. Jonathan Majors stars in the new HBO series, "Lovecraft Country," which has been prompting discussions about so-called sundown towns in the U.S. (Mary Mathis for the Washington Post via Getty Images) Stream it here. Whereas great disorders, insolencies and burglaries are oft times raised and committed in the night time by Indian, Negro, and Molatto Servants and Slaves to the Disquiet and hurt of her Majesty's subjects, No Indian, Negro, or Molatto is to be from Home after 9 o'clock. And yet entire counties in New England became whiter. In 1954, baseball great Jackie Robinson bought a house in Stamford, Conn., but only with help from prominent white people. Five black people lived in Lincoln County in 1930, where 26 had lived in 1890. Folly Beach, South Carolina. most of the information I have about them has been passed on by . These areas have managed to enforce racial segregation through either intimidation or discriminatory local laws, or a combination of both. Some New England counties drove out their entire African-American populations. People may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. "[4], For example, Ferguson, Missouri, was never a sundown city, but its black population dwindled to only 15 while the total population grew to over 22,000 by 1960 and the black population in nearby areas grew substantially. The term meant that if . African-Americans driving through New England from the 1930s to the 1960s carried the Green Book to guide them to friendly hotels, restaurants and service stations.. Any suggestions or recommendations? The Interactive Map of Sundown Towns. The sundown town database is an interactive map where you can select any state and see a list of all its possible current and historic sundown towns. Stanthorpe is a rural town and locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. The exception rather than the rule: Jackie Robinson at home in Stamford with his wife Rachel, sons David, Jackie Jr.. and Sharon.,New England Historical Society, Material of Interest to People on the Left, The Secret History of New Englands Sundown Towns, It Looks Like a Strippers Union Is About To Become a Reality, She Was Once the Biggest Star in Jazz. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture. New Hampshire had no all-white counties in 1890, but two in 1930. The main targets, were, and remain, Black people. There were hundreds of such towns, scholars say, reaching from New York to Oregon. As well, thats a reason to confirm every sundown town, even if it no longer keeps people out. Last light at 9:14:34 PM. All England locations are available on a single page.. Six Flags New England: Fright Fest = Awsome! They existed all over the US, not just the south, as recent as the early 80s. The Green Book also advised drivers to wear, or have ready, a chauffeur's cap and, if stopped, relate that "they were delivering a car for a white person. However, speaking to Black people who lived in or regularly visited Vienna showed a different reality. Stevenage, in Hertfordshire, was the first new town created under . The Frost Place - Franconia, NH Open May-October. Sundown Adventureland: Sundown park Santa visit . In 1905, restrictive covenants began appearing in property deeds. The 1947 filmGentlemans Agreement,co-starring Paul Reveres descendant Anne Revere. Despite this law, Minden has continued to play its siren, claiming it as being a nightly tribute to first responders. The average vertical drop at ski resorts in New England is 1,126 feet or 343 meters. CENTURY 21 North East has chosen to display only certain towns and/or types or . He found them outside Los Angeles, in midwestern farming villages and in New England summer towns. The practice was not restricted to the southern states, with New Jersey and other northern states being described as equally inhospitable to black travelers until at least the early 1960s. In 1905, restrictive covenants began appearing in property deeds. Sandown also has a great selection of attractions, including a Zoo housed in an old fort and a purpose built interactive Dinosaur Museum. by Eric Hurwitz. In May 2022, an image went viral that supposedly showed a sign in a modern-day "sundown town" that read "whites only within city limits after dark." While the assertion that sundown towns still . Photos: Darien, Conn., via Wikimedia. Sundown town locations in the U.S., and How To Confirm Sundown Towns; NENC Video: Why Young Protesters Are Fighting For Racial Justice In New England . [23]:23[24] In 2021, the state of Nevada passed a law prohibiting the appropriation of Native American imagery by the mascots of schools, and the sounding of sirens that were once associated with Sundown ordinances. It is an entire community (or even county) that for decades was all white on purpose. - ALL ZARA, Ona Judge Staines, the Fugitive Slave Who Outwitted George Washington - New England Historical Society, Thinking Through Conservation's Untold Origins | New England Forestry Foundation, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real The Ringer | Suncoast Beach Life, https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/secret-history-new-englands-sundown-towns/, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real The Ringer Tell It Like It It News, One resident of the Wollaston neighborhood of. While this sounds like it might be a uniquely Southern phenomenon, it wasnt; sundown towns arent endemic to just one region or state. Sunrise/Sunset Tables. Among the best known are Sugarbush, Killington, Stowe, and Bretton Woods. Loewen collected anecdotes about places where minorities were afraid to spend the night. There are a total of 131 ski resorts combining for 4191 ski trails available for you to ski and snowboard in New England! The Civil Rights movement then started to change all that with laws against racist policies. He proved the exception in suburban New England. The name derives from the posted and verbal warnings issued to Blacks that although they might be allowed to work or travel in a community . A handful of towns kept out Mexican Americans, Catholics, Greek Americans or other groups. This intimidation could occur in a number of ways, including harassment by law enforcement officers. There are also 10 day, one-way trips from NYC or Boston (maybe) down the St. Lawrence Seaway into Canada, or the other way. He rattles off the names of celebrated American suburbs that once barred Black people, and in some cases Jews: Levittown, N.Y.; Dearborn, Mich.; Kenilworth, Ill.; Edina, Minn. and Darien, Conn.,. The Northeast. This is the first NAACP warning ever covering an entire state. The national sundown town database on Loewen's website lists 112 possible sundown towns in California. In 1909, after a "spectacle lynching," Anna and Jonesboro expelled their African Americans. The name comes. Sundown towns dated back to the colonial days, when the ordinances and laws were also aimed at Native Americans. Rise/Set Times. In Maine, for example, only two of the states 16 counties had fewer than 10 blacks in 1890. James Loewen, a historian who spent years studying sundown towns, found them in the suburbs of Detroit, New York City and Chicago. Its Vidor Texas. Following Glendale's move, the cities of Burbank and South Pasadena, also with histories of sundown town laws, passed similar measures. The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) In an alternate Victorian Age world, a group of famous contemporary fantasy, science fiction, and adventure characters team up on a secret mission. Thanks, Andrew, [] other New England states. The practice wasn't limited to the Jim Crow South . arlington cemetery gates; glass tumbler with bamboo lid bulk; 30Jun. [32] In 1876, white residents drove the Chinese out of town and then burned down the Chinatown section of the city. New England Ski Museum - Franconia, NH. Citizens voted to build a fence with a locked gate across the road into town, and four men were stationed there with orders to restrain all strangers from Boston. (Nahant, ironically, now has the densest population of Greek descendants in New England.). Colleges less than a 3 hour drive from Sundown. They typically stated, No portion of these premises shall ever be sold to or occupied by anyone other than members of the white or Caucasian race. Then they often added, Nothing in the foregoing shall preclude live-in servants.. The film deftly shifts its focus from behind the walls of the resort to wild pigs rooting for scraps on the beach and a murder on the rougher side of town, as the story follows Neil in his baffling mental state. On another map, dots help users understand whether an area is a sundown town, with a legend that includes "don't know," "surely," "unlikely/always biracial," and "Black town or township.". Green. Harassment and inducements contributed to keep African Americans out of new suburban areas. Weve got you covered with these 5 Miami hotels, The Great Pyramid of Giza has become the site of a fresh scientific discovery, Ways to enjoy airport travel in case Chris Brown tosses your cell phone into a crowd. An iPhone/iPad app is also available. So if you know a town was a sundown town, kindly email us telling us so, with specific data if you have it. Police once enforced racial restrictions in "sundown towns" that excluded Black people outside working hours; they now disproportionately target Black people who enter White neighborhoods. United Church of Christ Church in Cabot. ), live-in servants (in white households), and black or interracial children (in white households) do not violate the taboo. list of new york state high school baseball champions. [6][2][7], The earliest legal restrictions on the nighttime activities and movements of African Americans and other ethnic minorities date back to the colonial era. In 1973, all-white Ashby, Mass., voted at Town Meeting 148 to 79 against inviting people of color into town. Forty years earlier, there had been 56.. [35] It was published in the United States from 1936 to 1966, during the Jim Crow era, when discrimination against non-whites was widespread. Sundown towns, also known as sunset towns, gray towns, or sundowner towns, are all-white municipalities or neighborhoods in the United States that practice a form of racial segregation by excluding non-whites via some combination of discriminatory local laws, intimidation, and violence. Share this article on Sundown is an enthralling slow-burn. that's not what a sundown town is. But the progressive, New-York born Zwerling was already a controversial figure in town. The Fair Housing Act of 1968 prohibited housing discrimination on the basis of race,color,religion,sex, family status ornational origin. He found them outside Los Angeles, in midwestern farming villages and in New England summer towns. The majority of suburbs were made up of all white residents from the time they were first created. Image by Wong Maye-E/AP Photo. To might be replied Thomas, look at Appalachia, Northern New England or Native American reservations across the nation. These towns openly discriminated against Black residents and visitors, and violence was a common tactic. By 1930, Maine had five. Gregory Peck played a reporter pretending to be Jewish to write a story on anti-Semitism. Sundown towns are communities that for decadesformally or informallykept out African Americans or other groups. Some New England counties drove out their entire African-American populations. In the aftermath of Turkeys earthquake, Black travel journalists share why they fell in love with the ancient citys charm and hospitality. Rdi se postarme o vai vizuln identitu. James Loewen, a sociologist who taught at the University of Vermont, discovered thousands of sundown towns throughout the United States, including New England. University of Newcastle P8102. Pennsylvania: New Hope. Or check out the most ghetto cities and the most dangerous cities in Arkansas. [21] Whites in the North felt that their way of life was threatened by the increased minority populations moving into their neighborhoods and racial tensions started to build. In 1954, baseball great Jackie Robinson bought a house in Stamford, Conn., but only with help from prominent white people. an instant classic." This movie will make you afraid of corn fields, to say the least. As it visually illustrates the pervasiveness of sundown towns across the country, it also allows users to zoom into a smaller area and quickly get a snapshot of this practice in that region. These largely white municipalities are often known . "Sundown towns" like Anna were places where Black people were allowed in during the day to work or shop but . He proved the exception in suburban New England. Some towns are not and never were sundown towns but are listed for other reasons. If you have to stop in a sundown town, try and speak to Black locals to get a better understanding of how to navigate it. Day length: 14 hours, 21 minutes. 84 Reviews. Generic astronomy calculator to calculate times for sunrise, sunset, moonrise, moonset for many cities, with daylight saving time and time zones taken in account. Some towns are not and never were sundown towns but are listed for other reasons. Copyright 2023 Distractify. Of course, there is no doubt that sundown towns existed in the South and that white Southerners pushed Black people out of their communities. The Civil Rights movement then started to change all that with laws against racist policies. Sundown towns, or grey towns, were all-white neighborhoods in the United States that used discriminatory local laws, intimidation, or violence to keep their town all-white. All circles of latitude are exposed to direct sunlight for the same proportion (exactly half) of the day on . Children Of The Corn. Theyre found in states all across the country. Starting in the 1930s, the Negro Motorist Green Book guided African-American travelers away from sundown towns. According to author Kate Kelly, "there were at least 10,000 'sundown towns' in the United States as late as the 1960s; in a 'sundown town' nonwhites had to leave the city limits by dusk, or they could be picked up by the police or worse. A 1940 deed for a development called High Ledge Homes in West Hartford, Conn., said, No person of any race except the white race shall use or occupy any building on any lot. The deed allowed one exception for people of a different race: the owners employees. All Rights Reserved. Bestselling author of Lies My Teacher Told Me, James W. Loewen, exposes the secret communities and hotbeds of racial injustice that sprung up throughout the twentieth century unnoticed, forcing us to reexamine race relations in the United States. [41] Schooling also played a large role in keeping the suburbs white. Keeping out African-Americans happened well before the 19th and 20th century. An immense bibliography has developed recently on Tulsa, including also a foundation, the John Hope Franklin Center for Reconciliation, a park, and a monument and website at the Greenwood Cultural Center. Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - The Ringer - Z News Feed, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real The Ringer Today In USA, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - The Ringer - Beautinance Global, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real The Ringer My Blog, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - The Ringer - Concept Publication, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real The Ringer Top Tier Healthy Living, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - The Ringer, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real The Ringer, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - The Ringer - jboothprod, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - The Ringer - Bizzz, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - The Ringer - Myers News, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - The Ringer | Sustainable Cities | SDG 11, HBO's Lovecraft Nation and the right kind horror of sundown towns. In 1922, the Sharon, Conn., chamber of commerce distributed a leaflet asking homeowners not to sell to Jews. In fact, HuffPost reported by the late 1960s, there were at least 10,000 sundown towns across the entire United. [23], Additionally, Loewen writes that sundown status meant more than just that African Americans were unable to live in these towns. Church of St. Thomas in Underhill, Vermont. The sun sets over a field outside of Anna, Illinois. The KKK held its first daylight parade in the United States in Milo, Maine, in 1923, and others soon followed. Bretton Woods: Nov. 17. The general court and legislative assembly of New Hampshire passed "An Act To Prevent Disorders In The Night" in 1714:[8][9] .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}. If so, I wonder how you would thrive as an ex-slave with no commitment to provide you and your Black contemporaries to share in the twentieth century prosperity of the US, especially after Jim Crow laws that wrecked mortal danger upon Blacks, especially Black men! Most were mining towns, where men lusted after the earth's riches - gold, silver, turquoise, copper, lead and coal. In 1717, Town Meeting in New London, Conn., voted against free blacks living in the town or owning land anywhere in the colony. The sign was found outside one of Connecticuts sundown towns. This often boiled over into violence, sometimes extreme, such as the 1943 Detroit race riot. Jackie Robinson bought a house in Stamford, Conn., Nahant, ironically, now has the densest population of Greek descendants in New England, chamber of commerce distributed a leaflet asking homeowners not to sell to Jews, Ashby, Mass., voted at Town Meeting 148 to 79, You Probably Werent Taught This Stuff in School | New Roots, How the Slave Trade Took Root in New England - New England Historical Society, The 1730 and 1774 Marblehead Riots Against Smallpox Inoculation - New England Historical Society, New Hampshires Jonathan Daniels Martyred in Alabama - New England Historical Society, The Green Book Guides African-Americans to Safety in New England (and Elsewhere) - New England Historical Society, Not Just From the South: the Great Black Migration to New England - New England Historical Society, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real | nyob.news, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real The Ringer BEST Reviews Alert, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - The Ringer - News around the World, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real The Ringer Hub7 News, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - The Ringer - edsblog, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - The Ringer - NewsViReal, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real The Ringer Social Post News, Lovecraft Nation Premiere: Monsters Unbelievable and All Too Real - Latest Breaking News for US and the World, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real The Ringer Paulington Post, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - The Ringer | Castanon News Network, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - honynews.com, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real The Ringer Daily News feed, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - The Ringer - Cvs News, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - The Ringer | Art | AnotherFN.com - Another FN, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - ALL ZARA, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real The Ringer All The News You Can Use, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - The Ringer | Precision Images | Precision Images, Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - The Ringer - Affiliate Hub. Visitors can see the only beluga whales in New England at the Mystic Aquarium, and be delighted by the sight of tall ships in the Mystic Seaport. Waves of Catholic and Jewish immigrants from Canada and southern Europe moved into Yankee mill towns. When speaking to white residents of Vienna, Ill., AP News noted that they didn't feel like racism was a problem in the area either at the time or historically. It was always great eating German food in a coastal town when everyone else was eating lobster and chowder. In the late 1970s, my father put our home up for sale in the small SW Michigan town we lived in. Their history is rarely told. [], [] South came to New Englands cities. These are all areas which I have experienced personally with staggering poverty, drug and alcohol addiction, and economic depression where there is virtually no black population. A film that exposed Darien as one of Connecticuts sundown towns. The 1947 filmGentlemans Agreement,co-starring Paul Reveres descendant Anne Revere. There are many ski resorts that are driving distance from Boston, Portland, Providence, Hartford, Manchester, Burlington, Montpelier and more. sure to become a landmark in several fields." African-Americans, Indians and slaves had a nine o'clock curfew. If your city or town is not listed, contact us and we will add it. Planning a Visit? University of New South Wales P8102. Ferguson, MO, was a sundown town between 1940 and 1960. Somehow . Lovecraft Country Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real - The Ringer - Pakistanibaat, 'Lovecraft Country' Premiere: Monsters Fantastic and All Too Real The Ringer | ViralWoo. Beginning in the 1890s, New Englands small towns and rural communities drove African-Americans into urban ghettoes, Loewen contends. [20] In addition to unfair housing rules, citizens turned to violence and harassment in making sure black people would not remain in their cities after sundown. Sundown towns, or grey towns, were all-white neighborhoods in the United States that used discriminatory local laws, intimidation, or violence to keep their town all-white. It allows for geographic understandings of sundown towns that could not be conveyed in the . exposed the practice. During the brutal Red Summer of 1919, an armed white mob in Corbin, Kentucky, rounded up some 300 Black men, women, and children and violently forced them onto rail cars headed for other towns. But in the late 1800s, each had a moment of glory that blazed and died like a sudden flame. Forty years earlier, there had been 56. Distractify is a registered trademark. Old Stone House Museum - Brownington, VT Open May 15-Oct 15 (Closed Mon/Tues) The Old Stone House, built as a school dormitory in 1834-36, now houses 25 rooms of exhibits focusing on 19th century life in northern Vermont.