the counter reformation was a religious and political movement that the counter reformation was a religious and political movement that

Although this is generally considered a Protestant belief, a similar formulation was taught by Molinist and Jansenist Catholics. The Deluge, a 20-year period of almost continual warfare, marked the turning point in attitudes. Calvinism was popular among the Hungarians who inhabited the southernmost parts of what is now Slovakia. The first two Lutheran martyrs were monks from Antwerp, Johann Esch and Heinrich Hoes, who were burned at the stake when they would not recant. Until the 1960s, historians focused their attention largely on the great leaders and theologians of the 16th century, especially Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli. [31] Luther's translation of the Bible promoted the development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area. The end of the sale of indulgences. This "Elizabethan Religious Settlement" largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. Not only was the Church highly aggressive in seeking out and suppressing heresy, but there was a shortage of Protestant leadership. European sovereigns, Catholic and Protestant alike, ignored his verdict. The Roman Inquisition was a court of the Catholic Church that prosecuted crimes of heresy. The Reformation in the Netherlands, unlike in many other countries, was not initiated by the rulers of the Seventeen Provinces, but instead by multiple popular movements which in turn were bolstered by the arrival of Protestant refugees from other parts of the continent. [citation needed]. The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age, although it was not until the 1640s that England underwent religious strife comparable to what its neighbours had suffered some generations before. [citation needed]. G. Reformation and Counter Reformation Print section Reformers of different kindsincluding John Wycliffe, John Huss (Jan Hus), and Girolamo Savonaroladenounced the moral laxity and financial corruption that had infected the church "in its members and in its head" and called for radical change. Given sentence below refers to a numbered sentence in the passage. The Peace of Augsburg ended the conflict between. Catholicism remained the official state religion, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau (1685), which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Catholicism the sole legal religion of France, leading some Huguenots to live as Nicodemites. Among the most important Protestants of the Commonwealth were Mikoaj Rej, Marcin Czechowic, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski and Symon Budny. Henry had once been a sincere Catholic and had even authored a book strongly criticising Luther. Divergent work attitudes of Protestant and Catholics. He was asked to recant (to disavow) his writings at the Diet of Worms (an unfortunate name for a council held by the Holy Roman Emperor in the German city of Worms). Following a brief Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary (15531558), a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I, though this point is one of considerable debate among historians. [1] Those who fled to England were given support by the Church of England. However, in the city of Dublin the Reformation took hold under the auspices of George Browne, Archbishop of Dublin. For a more complete list, see the list of states by the date of adoption of the Reformation and the table of the adoption years for the Augsburg Confession. Executions ceased in 1661 when King Charles II explicitly forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism. The shift toward political and religious freedom in turn, helped spawn the Reformation movement, which caused a divide within the powerful Catholic Church, leading many Europeans to turn to then . The translation had a significant impact upon the Welsh population and helped to firmly establish Protestantism among the Welsh people. The Reformation is usually dated to 31 October 1517 in Wittenberg, Saxony, when Luther sent his Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences to the Archbishop of Mainz. As the number of Protestants in France increased, the number of heretics in prisons awaiting trial also grew. In May 1559, sixteen Spanish Lutherans were burnt at the stake: fourteen were strangled before being burnt, while two were burnt alive. Which statement Best describes what happened if a German prince decided a state was Catholic in the late 1500s? All of Scandinavia ultimately adopted Lutheranism over the course of the 16th century, as the monarchs of Denmark (who also ruled Norway and Iceland) and Sweden (who also ruled Finland) converted to that faith. Regions that were poor but had great economic potential and bad political institutions were more likely to adopt Protestantism. [BPSC, 2007] Ans: The Reformation could be described as a religious movement that was directed against the Church of Rome. The Reformation impacted the Western legal tradition. By 1530, over 10,000 publications are known, with a total of ten million copies. [57] In 1539, the King sent a new governor to Iceland, Klaus von Mervitz, with a mandate to introduce reform and take possession of church property. The Reformation was a split in the Latin Christian church instigated by Luther in 1517 and evolved by many others over the next decadea campaign that created and introduced a new approach to Christian faith called ' Protestantism .' [14], The leaders of the Roman Catholic Church condemned him at the Council of Constance (14141417) and he was burnt at the stake, despite a promise of safe-conduct. In other words, art was to be strictly . The various groups had their own juridical systems. Nowakowska, Natalia. involved the creation of new practices and policies in the Catholic Church. The English Reformation followed a different course from the Reformation in continental Europe. Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517, he was not excommunicated by Pope Leo X until January 1521. At that time, Mennonites and Czech Brothers came to Poland. Crisis and Reform: The Kyivan Metropolitanate, the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and the Genesis of the Union of Brest. [36] Especially effective were writings in German, including Luther's translation of the Bible, his Smaller Catechism for parents teaching their children, and his Larger Catechism, for pastors. Southern Europe remained predominantly Catholic apart from the much-persecuted Waldensians. Lutheranism found few adherents among the other peoples of the two countries. [91] The edict reversed concessions made to the Lutherans with the approval of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V three years earlier. [citation needed]. [citation needed]. As Queen of Navarre, Jeanne III commissioned the translation of the New Testament into Basque[d] and Barnese for the benefit of her subjects. He subsequently sponsored Maximos of Gallipoli's translation of the New Testament into the Modern Greek language and it was published in Geneva in 1638. The next sizable territories were the Landgraviate of Hesse (1526; at the Synod of Homberg) and the Electorate of Saxony (1527; Luther's homeland), Electoral Palatinate (1530s), and the Duchy of Wrttemberg (1534). It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise, who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter Mary, Queen of Scots (then also Queen of France). [18] Pope Alexander VI (14921503) was one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes. The Counter-Reformation involved the creation of new practices and policies in the Catholic Church as it was a religious movement that was politically motivated. Giorgio Biandrata, Bernardino Ochino, Giovanni Alciato, Giovanni Battista Cetis, Fausto Sozzini, Francesco Stancaro and Giovanni Valentino Gentile), who propagated Nontrinitarianism there and were chief instigators of the movement of Polish Brethren. The Puritans objected to ornaments and ritual in the churches as idolatrous (vestments, surplices, organs, genuflection), calling the vestments "popish pomp and rags" (see Vestments controversy). You might not require more mature to spend to go to the books launch as skillfully as search for them. It aimed at reforming the Catholic Church's corruption and resulted in the creation of. French Protestantism, though its appeal increased under persecution, came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. Which statement best describes a reform initiated by the Council of Trent? The name, though long in use among Protestanthistorians, has only recently been introduced into Catholichandbooks. [64], The Pilgrims held radical Protestant disapproval of Christmas, and its celebration was outlawed in Boston from 1659 to 1681. In the first half of the 16th century, the enormous PolishLithuanian Commonwealth was a country of many religions and Churches, including: Roman Catholics, Byzantine Orthodox, Armenian Oriental Orthodox, Ashkenazi Jews, Karaites, and Sunni Muslims. About one person in seventy-five was part of the Church, as a priest, monk, nun, or member of a lay order. Some followers of Zwingli believed that the Reformation was too conservative, and moved independently toward more radical positions, some of which survive among modern day Anabaptists. As it was led by a Bohemian noble majority, and recognised, for some time, by the Basel Compacts, the Hussite Reformation was Europe's first "Magisterial Reformation" because the ruling magistrates supported it, unlike the "Radical Reformation", which the state did not support. Molinism presented a soteriology similar to Protestants within the Roman Catholic Church. Bagchi, David, and David C. Steinmetz, eds. Reform writers used existing styles, cliches and stereotypes which they adapted as needed. Under the reign of Frederick I (152333), Denmark remained officially Catholic. [75] A significant community in France remained in the Cvennes region. Reformer Adolf Clarenbach was burned at the stake near Cologne in 1529. Its development was stopped by the Counter-Reformation, the Inquisition and also popular disinterest. The pace of the Reformation proved unstoppable by 1520. Peace of Augsburg in 1555 officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christianity permanent within the Holy Roman Empire, allowing rulers to choose either Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism as the official confession of their state. [3] The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. Some Protestants left Italy and became outstanding activists of the European Reformation, mainly in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth (e.g. Despite heavy persecution by Henry II, the Reformed Church of France, largely Calvinist in direction, made steady progress across large sections of the nation, in the urban bourgeoisie and parts of the aristocracy, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment. The council did not address the national tensions or the theological tensions stirred up during the previous century and could not prevent schism and the Hussite Wars in Bohemia. It initiated during the period of the council of Trent and ended with European wars of Religion. Using the German vernacular they expressed the Apostles' Creed in simpler, more personal, Trinitarian language. The vested interest thus created made for a powerful force in support of the dissolution. Andrew P. Klager, "Ingestion and Gestation: Peacemaking, the Lord's Supper, and the Theotokos in the Mennonite-Anabaptist and Eastern Orthodox Traditions", Birgit Stolt, "Luther's Translation of the Bible. The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648).