political organisation of the acholi political organisation of the acholi

Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that from early in the Christian era, Acholi was settled mainly by Central Sudanic (or "proto-Central Sudanic") speakers in the west and Eastern Nilotic ("proto-Eastern Nilotic") speakers in the east. In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. An Exploration of Linguistic Practices and Language Attitudes in Gulu, Northern Uganda. Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. "Acholi This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. Milton Obote (196271, 198085). B. K. (1994). The Central Lwo during the Aconya. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Historically, the most important public ceremonies were probably those associated with birth, planting, harvesting, and the killing of a large animal or another human being. Acholi conceive of death as an inevitable, personal defeat and tragedy, against which there is no ultimate defense. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Identification. The long civil war in the North has destroyed much of their society. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. The documentary focused on the unofficial discourse of the LRA war and it was largely critical of the Ugandan government role in the LRA war. 61). In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 19:17. The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. with the Gulu district being by far the most populated one (Uganda, 2016). This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." Museveni has held absolute power since, surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Whitmire (2013) on the other hand argued that a collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. Social Organization. The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. Webster, J. Inheritance. ." Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. Malandra, Alfred (1939). Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. Under Ugandan Pres. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to Industrial Arts. Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. Given the low population densities and minimal land pressure, almost anyone who was willing to clear and work unused land has been welcomed by lineage heads responsible for such land and, while they functioned, by the rwodi of chiefdoms within whose domains the land lay. Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". While rwodi, members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Men have also traditionally played a significant role in agriculture, especially for such time-limited, labor-intensive tasks as clearing, planting, and harvesting (often as part of lineage-based cooperative labor teams). before. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. He was defeated in January 1986. Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. Dholuo Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. All members of the household acknowledge the authority of its head, the husband; each wife or other adult female in the household has traditionally had her own fields, granaries, and kitchen or cooking hut. During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. For example, among Acholi, husbands pay a bride price to their wives fathers, and this payment supports the traditional belief that women are the property of the husband, since a payment was made for her. Identification. Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. Most Acholi also continue to live in thatched, round mud houses, although wealthier Acholi and those who live in town or near major roads have square houses of mud or block, with iron or tile roofs. The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used Omissions? (1936). The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful social control in the area. Orientation The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of The n, Mende All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. Political Organization. rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based et al., 1972; Heine & Knig, 2010) and Chopi (Storch, 2005) as individual languages, instead As of September 2009, large numbers of Acholi people remain in camps as internally displaced persons. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, the northern regions, this relationship changed. The Chiefs are chosen from one lineage. University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. Due to its central location and the close As some of these languages show some form When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. Okot p'Bitek (1971). comparably flat. Apoko, Anna (1967). Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Science and Sustaining the Gains as PEPFAR Turns Twenty This report is a record of the virtual summit organized by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Uganda for its stakeholders; Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) including its Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP), implementing partners, and . Dwyer, John O. (1991). political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. Politics has been around for millennia. Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). Social Organization. Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. L. No. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. This paper is a case study analysis of the sociological phenomena of forgiveness occurring in an ongoing two-decade war in northern Uganda. Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. Encyclopedia.com. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. higher now, due to the ongoing growth in population. "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. // Hartford Courant Obituaries, Mike Birbiglia The Accident Report, Brian Prince Tampa, Intuit Quickbooks Advert 2021 Cast, Who Is Richer Than Pablo Escobar, Articles P